The American Consul Negotiated With The Local Government Of Mukden Province On Land Lease(1906-1931)

In 1858,the Treaty of Tianjin between China and Britain opened NiuZhuang(later changed to Ying Kou)commercial port and opened the door of Northeast China to the outside world.After that,with the emergence of the idea of self opening commercial ports in Northeast China and the implementation of the policy of "opening the door" in the United States,the Northeast began to open its commercial ports on a large scale.After the opening of commercial ports in 1906,the United States was able to lease land for living,management and construction in each commercial port,and to achieve its goal of expanding business by continuously acquiring more land,and then negotiate with local government of Mukden Province.This paper attempts to analyze the historical facts of the complex land negotiations between the consuls of the United States,as the representatives of the U.S.government's negotiations with China,on the issues such as the delimitation of the commercial port boundary,the negotiation between consulates and consuls' lands,the negotiation between commercial and civil lands,and the negotiation between the church's permanent lands and the local government of Mukden Province,in order to reflect the historical facts of the complex land negotiations between the United States and Mukden Province lands during the period from the opening of the port in Mukden Province to the "918" incident This paper analyzes the problems of the relevant land renting contradictions of the fangs government,how to solve these contradictions,the final result of negotiation,and the characteristics and influence of these contradictions.This paper is divided into three parts:The first part introduces the background of the negotiation between the American consul and the local government.On the one hand,it discusses that the birth and implementation of the idea of self opening commercial port in Northeast China in the Qing Dynasty was "in line with the policy of" opening the door "sought by the United States in Northeast China,and opened up many commercial port areas for the use of foreigners' residential operation and construction;on the other hand,it introduces the emergence of Sino-American.land leasing negotiation agencies in the commercial port areas,as well as the formulation and revision of relevant charter.The second part is to discuss in detail the contents of the negotiation between theconsul of the United States and the local government of Bong province.This paper mainly discusses the issues of the commercial port boundary location,consulates and consuls' lease,commercial and civil lease(including the seal of the lease land tax,the lease land exchange and guarantee mortgage),church permanent lease sublease,etc.Under the background of each government period,combined with the Sino-American relations and political environment at that time,and the formulation and modification of relevant policies on land lease,this paper focuses on the causes of land lease negotiation,the process of negotiation between the two sides and the final results of land lease negotiation.The third part mainly analyzes the evaluation of the negotiation between American consul and local government.The negotiation of land leasing shows that China is in a passive position and the negotiation process is durable.Local officials are also independent to a certain extent in the negotiation process,which has three characteristics related to Sino-American relations and Northeast China's policy attitude towards the United States.From the negotiation results,it can be seen that most of the central and local officials are able to argue according to the treaty,but they are still subject to the consuls of the United States and other countries and have negotiated There are many difficulties in the process,and most of the negotiation ends with "accommodation".Through land leasing negotiation,it not only promotes the continuous repair and improvement of commercial port charter,but also speeds up the transformation of land functions,which is conducive to the economic prosperity of commercial port,but also hinders the development of national capitalist industry and commerce to a certain extent.