Methodological Defenses Of Pragmatic Encroachment Based On Principles And Cases

Epistemology has always had a tradition of intellectualism.Since Descartes,epistemologists have assumed that the pure cognitive factors(eg,beliefs,evidence,reliability,etc.)of "truth-related" that affect knowledge confirmation are not non-cognitive factors.For a long time,this issue has only been discussed in the field of theoretical rationality.However,with the deepening of research,at the beginning of the 21 st century,some philosophers decided to extend the factors that affect knowledge confirmation to the scope of practical reason.In modern epistemology,practical intrusion can be expressed as a theory: Even if a person holds a fixed basis for a proposition,whether a person knows a proposition can also change with changes in practical factors,that is,when other conditions are unchanged Next,changing the actual environment of the cognitive subject can change the truth value of knowledge assignment.First,practical intrusion connects knowledge and behavior,and includes the factors that determine knowledge attribution in practical rationality.First,it opposes the intellectualist tradition of intellectualism,and explains the origin of practical intrusion.Second,through a reasonable analysis of practical factors,it describes Three entries of practical intrusion were introduced;finally,an attempt was made to briefly describe the characteristics of practical intrusion through a comparison between the theories similar to practical intrusion.Then,the motivation to accept practical intrusion was analyzed.Combining the true value of knowledge assignment in high-and low-risk pairs of cases and traditional cognitive requirements,we mainly consider that knowledge standards are changing.Three points of analysis of the changes in knowledge standards were made,namely the intuition of the bank case,the connection between the motivatable theory and knowledge action.At the same time,there was a preliminary discussion on the objections.Then,it mainly discusses several classic cases of practical intrusion and clarifies the important role of knowledge and practical conditions in practical intrusion.Through the use of decision theory,it summarizes the 2002 views and objections of Fant and McGrath,and thinks that the objections of Eaton and Picavens can be modified to respond to Wiseson's response.Finally,this article reveals the close relationship between practical factors and traditional cognitive factors related to truth.Practical factors play a role in knowledge analysis along the path of traditional cognitive factors.Then it analyzes the two main types of intellectualism,clarifying or perfecting the traditional purism or intellectualism around the two points of "goal realization" and "goal threshold".We should abandon a way of understanding intellectualism,and should accept the corresponding views of pragmatists.Extending the factors that determine the endowment of knowledge to the factors that belong to the scope of practical reason,injecting new vitality into contemporary epistemology with confirmation as the core,is regarded as a new discovery or clarification of traditional intellectualism,and can be considered as a A breakthrough in the essential traditional way of thinking.