Adherents Of The Northern Qi Dynasty And The Northern Zhou & Sui Dynasties

This paper takes the adherents of Northern Qi Dynasty as the object of study,including Gao Family,Yuan Family,Xungui and intellectuals of Northern Qi Dynasty.Through discussing their official position,lord and life track in the period of Northern Zhou Dynasty and Sui Dynasty,we can explore their situation in this period,and then we can see the regime of Northern Zhou Dynasty and Sui Dynasties how to deal with the adherents of Northern Qi.The paper is divided into three chapters.In the first chapter,we comb the policy of Emperor Zhouwu(???)in the war of Zhou Qi from the fourth to the seventh years of Jiande,and the performance of the ministers of Northern Qi Dynasty in the war.After Jiande fourth year,Emperor Zhouwu accelerated the pace of fighting against Northern Qi Dynasty.In December of Jiande fifth year,after the war of Jinzhou(????),Zhou army attacked the cities in less than two months,successively conquered the military and political centers of Northern Qi Dynasty-Bingzhou and Yecheng,which caused a strong military pressure within the regime of Northern Qi Dynasty.Emperor Zhouwu took military operations as a rigid pressure,supplemented by the soft policy of calling on enemy to surrender and appeasing those surrenders.Before and after the war of Bingzhou(????),two imperial edicts were issued to urge the ministers of the Northern Qi Dynasty to surrender.Emperor Zhouwu's"military and appeasement"measures promoted the internal division of Northern Qi Dynasty after the war of Bingzhou:Pan Zihuang(???),Houmo Jingui(????)and other Xungui,as well as Hulv Xiaoqing(????),Gao anagong(????)and other dignitaries,proactively or be forced to surrender to Zhou army before or after the war of Juzhou or the war of Yecheng;the royalty Gao Xie(??)and Gao Xiaoheng(???),Guard generals Xianyu Shirong(????)and Murong Sanzang(????)chose to fight to the end to resist the Zhou army.But on the whole,most people chose to understand the situation and submit to the Northern Zhou Dynasty except the Gao clan.It is hard to see that those who died for court.The second chapter discusses the circumstances of Gao Family,Yuan Family and Xungui in Zhou and Sui Dynasties.In the early period after Emperor Zhouwu subjugated Northern Qi Dynasty,he adopted the policy of moving to Guanzhong and gave the full treatment to Gao Family,"more than thirty kings of Northern Qi Dynasty were all knighted.".Soon Emperor Zhouwu killed Gao Wei with the excuses of insurrection,and dealt with Gao's characters.Direct descendants of Gao Huan were killed in Chang'an or exiled to the desolate western areas such as Longzhou and Mianzhou.Other imperial clansmen who were not Gao Huan's lineage,were basically preserved.Some of them could even serve as officials in Zhou and Sui Dynasties depending on their own abilities.The descendants of Emperor Pingwen(???)and Emperor Zhaocheng(???),who had a distant relationship with Wei emperors had lived under the reign of Northern Qi Dynasty,they served as the middle and lower level officials in the Zhou and Sui Dynasties,and had a gloomy official career,which was in contrast to the situation that the Yuan family,who was originally dependent on the Northern Zhou Dynasty,enjoyed the title and senior officials in the Zhou and Sui Dynasties.There were many children of Huai-Shu Xun family,such as Dou Tai(??),Lou Zhao(??)and Han Gui(??),who were withdraw from the political stage of Zhou and Sui Dynasties,but there were still a few of them,such as Houmo Jingui(????),Pi Xin(??)and Duan Deshen(???),who had military rank and titles in the regime of Zhou and Sui Dynasties.However,in the period of Zhou and Sui Dynasties,there were few of them served in the central government,and the rank of official was in the middle and lower levels.Among them,Murong Sanzang,Shedi Shiwen(????)and others had posts the southern border area adjacent to the Chen Dynasty,or transferred to the western border area,this has something to do with the policy of focusing on the border areas in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty.The third chapter is a comprehensive study about the situation of intellectuals in the Zhou and Sui Dynasties from the official historical materials,epitaph materials and poetry works.From the perspective of the position in the central system,in the Zhou Sui period,most intellectuals of Northern Qi Dynasty held the official positions to implement the government affairs,the official quality was basically limited in the middle and lower levels,and their influence on the decision-making of the government affairs was limited.In Sui Dynasty,there were many people who took office in Orient House,Wangfu and military affairs by virtue of their literary talents.Although they received good treatment in Orient House,Wangfu and shogunate,their official rank was not high.In view of the influence of intellectuals in the rural society,the Zhou Sui regime appointed the intellectuals of Northern Qi Dynasty as local officials.In terms of the number of local officials,the number of local officials in Northern Zhou Dynasty was less than that in Sui Dynasty.From the perspective of local official positions,there were only one or two local governor in the Northern Zhou Dynasty,most of whom served as Zhangshi(??),Sima(??),Canjunshi(???),county magistrates and other state assistant officers in Shandong area.In the Sui Dynasty,the number of Zhangshi,Sima,Canjunshi and other local assistant bureaucrats,as well as county magistrate,were increasing.The grade of these officials was not high.Generally speaking,although the intellectuals of Northern Qi Dynasty were able to serve as officials in the Guanzhong regime during the Zhou and Sui Dynasties,there were many difficulties in their official career,such as subordination,non promotion,removal,resignation for illness and exile,and many of them were frustrated.On the other hand,the rulers of Zhou and Sui Dynasties used state power to strengthen the recruitment of intellectuals of Northern Qi Dynasty,such as Fang Yanqian(???)and Li Zhongju(???),the intellectuals also had two different behavior choices.From the poetry works,we can see that there are two different emotional expressions of the intellectuals:one is that Lu Sidao(???),Yan Zhitui(???),Sun Wanshou(???)and other people who were not satisfied with their official career during the Zhou and Sui Dynasties,and their works are full of complaints and sorrows,which are not reflected in the works of Li Delin(???),Li Xiaozhen(???),and Xue Daoheng(???),whose official career were more smooth.When the Northern Qi Dynasty did not perish,there were many contradictions such as Gao clan,Xungui,sycophant and Han officials,and the power struggle continued.After the fall of the Northern Qi Dynasty,the main factors determining the rank of officials and lord of the adherents of Northern Qi Dynasty in the period of Zhou and Sui were the policies of the rulers of the Zhou and Sui Dynasties to deal with them.From the investigation of the situation and behavior trend of the Gao Family,Yuan Family,Xungui and the intellectuals of Northern Qi Dynasty,the rulers of the Zhou and Sui Dynasties had prejudices about them and adopted the policy of prevention and suppression.Most of them had inferior political status in the Zhou and Sui Dynasties.They didn't have any resistance in Zhou and Sui Dynasties,and there were many frustrated and desolate emotions in their heart.