Study On The Policy Of Nongan County In The Late Qing Dynasty On 1907-1911

From the 33 rd year of the reign?of the Guangxu(1907)to the 3rd year of the reign?of Xuantong(1911),the Nongan county of Jilin gradually implemented various new policies under the internal and external difficulties.Under the governance of Li Shuen,Shou Pengfei and Ru Linyuan,Nongan was able to achieve success in educational affairs,police administration,judicial and local self-government.Through the implementation of these new policies,the local poor,folk customs of Nongan in a relatively short period of time to be greatly improved,and leap into a model of the implementation of the new policies in the provinces and counties of Jilin Province.The main body of this article consists of six chapters,the first chapter is a general description of the new deal,mainly inspects the background of implementing the new deal in Nongan county at the end of Qing Dynasty and makes the concept definition and the content outline to the new deal of Nongan.The second to fifth chapters separately describe the reform of the new deal in Nongan county at the end of the Qing Dynasty,and in turn introduce the contents of Nongan county's educational affairs,police,judicial and autonomous reform,focusing on the purpose,design,implementation and effect.The second chapter focuses on the reform of educational affairs,and during the new deal,Nongan created an educational administration with Department of Inducement as the hub,supported by the Education Association and its affiliated primary school institute,and the joint establishment of new-style school education,social education and normal education.Under the joint efforts of government officials and gentry to run schools,Nongan's education has been popularized and developed to a certain extent,which plays a fundamental role in opening up the social atmosphere.The third chapter focuses on police reform,and during the new deal,Nongan formed a local social security system with the city patrol police as the centre,the township patrol polices as the radiation,the guerrilla horse patrol as the liaison link,and the reserve patrol police as an important complement.The growing police force and the effective combat against banditry provide important guarantees for the maintenance of security in the county.In addition,a police training centre has been set up to train police and political personnel,but the quality of training has been greatly affected by the difficult financial situation,making it vulnerable to conflict between the police and the public.The fourth chapter focuses on judicial reform,with the initial establishment of a judicial organ in Nongan during the new deal,with a view to separating the judiciary from the executive branch,and the improvement of prisons,with a view to continuously eliminating old problems by reorganizing detention facilities and clearing up legal proceedings.Before and after the reform of the new deal,the petty officials were abolished and reorganized,and their power and wealth were greatly impaired.The fifth chapter focuses on the implementation of local autonomy,with the establishment of autonomous organs to implement local autonomy during the new deal,and the gradual separation of the legislative and executive organs with a view to meeting the constitutional criteria of “separation of powers”.Under the banner of self-government,the power of the squire class between the officials and the people was gradually expanded and transformed into the backbone of the new deal.The sixth chapter deals with the financial issues that permeate the beginning and at the end of the new deal,firstly,by comparing the fiscal revenues and expenditures to describe the financial crisis in Nongan during the new deal,and secondly,the process of rescuing the financial crisis in Nongan.Due to the new deal preparatory time is relatively hasty,and also coincides with the Qing imperial treasury is empty,Leaders of Nongan through the clean-up of finance,the establishment of industry,in “broaden sources of income”,“cut down expense” way to a certain extent to alleviate the county financial crisis,for the implementation of the late new deal to provide important financial security,has important reference significance.Third,by examining the state of the government and the people in the fund-raising process,the problem of insufficient funding for the new deal will be further revealed.The prefectures,which are the main responsible persons for “local fund-raising”,are in a difficult situation with regard to fund-raising;while the private and business sectors have become the main bearers of funds under the new deal,which has led to a high incidence of anti-donation incidents.The new deal reform funding dilemma is also the root cause of the redistribution of power and social conflicts at the local level in the county.In addition,by comparing the “change” and “invariance” before and after the new deal to study the effectiveness of the new deal and analysis the relationship between the new deal and the old system,in fact,the late Qing Dynasty Nongan reform is still between the “old system” and the “new deal”,which is the entanglement between the new system and the old system.