Research On Xinjiang Governor's Policy Of Governing Xinjiang In The Late Qing Dynasty (1884-1912)

In this thesis,taking the establishment of Xinjiang Province as the breakthrough point and the governing activities of successive governors as the center,under the background of the gradual transformation and integration of the Feudal dynasty from the view of "unification of the world" to the modern national state of "pluralism and integration" in the late Qing Dynasty,the theories and methods of ethnology and history are comprehensively applied to systematically investigate the governing activities of successive governors in Xinjiang.From the political,frontier defense,economy,culture,ethnic relations and foreign relations,this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of its policies and measures to govern the frontier,explores and summarizes the experience and lessons therein,so as to provide reference for today's frontier governance and national security,social stability and development.The main contents of each chapter are as follows:Chapters ?mainly introduce the serious frontier crisis faced by semi-colonial and semi-feudal China under the modern international relations system dominated by Western nation-states.After the recovery of Xinjiang by the Qing Dynasty,the ruling class,after fierce debate on the strategic trend of "Coastal defense" and "Frontier defense",finally abandoned the traditional policies and measures of "governing the frontier according to custom" which had lasted for thousands of years in the frontier and ethnic areas,abolished the old administrative system,established the General Administration for Aftermath,and finally established the Xinjiang Province.With the establishment of governors,Xinjiang has gradually realized the same administrative system as the mainland,and has changed the governance mode of multi-ethnic border areas.Chapter ? discusses the border governance in the initial period of Xinjiang's provincial construction.The implementation of "establish provinces and governors"came shortly after the recovery of Xinjiang,and a thousand things wait to be done.Liu Jintang(???),the first inspector,and Wei Guangtao(???),the nursing inspector,consolidated the external defense of the army,abolished the old system and policies under the military government system at home,and adopted various measures to stabilize people's livelihood in order to restore and develop Xinjiang's society and economy as soon as possible.Through the efforts of Liu Jintang and Wei Guangtao,the social situation in Xinjiang has gradually stabilized after the establishment of the province,and various systems have been constantly improved,which has laid a solid foundation for the future development of Xinjiang.Chapter ? discusses Tao mou(??)and Rao Yingqi(???)who successively succeeded the governor of Xinjiang.The first two governors mainly restored development and guaranteed stability,while the large-scale Westernization Movement(????)has not yet been ready.During this period,not only the British and Russian powers had been coveting Xinjiang,but also the social situation in Xinjiang Province was not lasting peace.On the basis of the former governor's administration of the border areas,Tao Mou and Rao Yingqi vigorously promoted foreign affairs,strengthened military readiness,vigorously open up fields and promoted education,which made Xinjiang's decrees basically accessible and social stability.There have been remarkable developments in the fields of regulation,army consolidation and education,which have made Xinjiang take a key step in the process of modernization transformation.During this period,all aspects of Xinjiang's development have improved significantly.Chapter ? and Chapter V discusses the "New Deal"(??)in the late Qing Dynasty and the border governance of Xinjiang governors after the Preparatory Constitutionalism(????).With the defeat of Sino-Japanese War of 1894,the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement,the abortion of the Reform and the invasion of the Eight-Power Coalition Forces(????),the semi-feudal and semi-colonial degree of Chinese society was deepening,and the Qing Dynasty was forced to implement the "New Deal" and the Preparatory Constitutionalism.The implementation of the "New Deal" and the Preparatory Constitutionalism has brought great influence on the political,economic development,cultural and educational,military frontier defense and many other aspects of the Northwest Frontier.At that time,several governors,such as Pan Xiaosu(???),Wu Yinsun(???)and Lian kui(??),carried out a series of reforms in the military system,police administration and culture and education of Xinjiang;by the time Yuan Dahua(???)was in office,Xinjiang even had the idea of building a railway.But in this period,the governors of Xinjiang changed frequently,the social crisis deepened,and eventually the Qing Dynasty collapsed under the "1911 Revolution"(????).Xinjiang Province,like all the provinces in the mainland,eventually went to the republic.The review and summary of the experience and lessons of Xinjiang's border governors in the late Qing Dynasty will help us to "take history as a mirror",explore the rules of border governance,better serve the overall situation of Xinjiang's stability and national security,and make positive contributions to building a well-off society in an all-round way.