A Study On Trade Activity When Generals Of Ming Dynasty Station In Pidao Of Chosun Dynasty From 1623 To 1637

In 1621,under the rapid attack of the Manchus,the Ming Dynasty lost its initiative in Liaodong.Wang Huazhen dispatched Mao Wenlong to attack Zhenjiang to contain the enemy and contact North Korea.Mao Wenlong won the "Zhenjiang victory",and the Ming Court promoted him as the deputy general.Manchus quickly launched a counterattack,Zhenjiang lost again.So Mao Wenlong retreated to Chosun Dynasty and provoked the Manchus and eventually led to the "Lin Pian campaign".Mao Wenlong’s Department was seriously damaged,and he moved to PiDao in November 1622.In the next year,Dongjiang town was established in PiDao,which was used as a military base to fight against the Manchus.Food and salaries are the fundamental guarantee for the survival of the army and the people in Dongjiang town.However,before the trade,the food and salaries in the island broke the pale and were very scarce.In 1623,Mao Wenlong asked the Ming court to do business to make up the daily needs of the army and the people,and obtained the permission of the Ming court.The smooth development of PiDao trade activities was also closely related to the change of the Chosun Dynasty.After King Injo ascended the throne,he pursued the policy of "pro-the Ming Dynasty and anti-the Manchus".By giving a series of policy supports to Mao Wenlong,such as boiling salt,farming on the territory and opening the market to Mao Wenlong.,King Injo expressed his position of working together with the Ming Dynasty to fight against the Manchus.Mao Wenlong took this opportunity to attract investment and carried out trading between Chosun Dynasty and the mainland of the Ming Dynasty.In the rising stage of the trading activities of PiDao,it is mainly divided into official trade and private trade.The official trade is mainly about grain trade.It is worth noting that when Chosun Dynasty was in famine,asked the Ming Dynasty to send more grain merchants from Dengzhou to PiDao to buy grain,and Mao Wenlong also sold and gave grain and rice to Chosun Dynasty.However,there are some problems in the grain trade,such as Mao Wenlong’s forced sale,unfair price and unclear loan amount,which also damage the interests of Chosun Dynasty;the private trade is jointly participated by the merchants of Ming and Chosun Dynasty.Mao Wenlong set up a marketplace to attracted investment and levied taxes.A large number of the Ming Dynasty merchants brought cloth and silk to PiDao for sale.In order to obtain more profits,merchants of Chosun Dynasty also transported ginseng to PiDao to exchange for Ming goods;after the campaign of Ding Mao,Manchus obtained cloth and other living materials from PiDao through Chosun Dynasty.The scope of trade enlarged and gradually formed a multi-party trade with PiDao and the mainland of Chosun Dynasty as the media.The prosperity of trade benefits from the superior geographical position,strategic position as well as the strong trade demand of the Ming Dynasty,Chosun Dynasty and Manchus,which makes PiDao became a commercial metropolis with three links and lack of supervision.After Mao Wenlong was killed,all the internal problems of PiDao appeared,with frequent civil strife.Chen Jisheng,Liu Xingzhi,Huang Long,Shen Shikui and others contend for power and profits,which made the trade activities lose a stable environment.The problem of commercial debt was not solved,but became more and more serious,and merchants went bankrupt.Yuan Chonghuan changed the Chosun Dynasty tribute road and reiterated the prohibition of ocean,which cut the lifeblood of PiDao’s economy,and merchants dared not go to sea.Trade declined gradually.From the perspective of the business circles of Ming,Chosun Dynasty and Manchus,the rise and fall of trade activities directly affected the development of PiDao,Chosun Dynasty and DengZhou.Moreover trade activities of PiDao also strengthened the economic ties among the three countries and the circulation of North and South goods.From the perspective of strategic role of Dongjiang town,Mao Wenlong made a lot of trade on the island and even collude the Manchus,which made Chosun Dynasty more suspicious of the alliance against the Manchus,and then repel the Ming generals stationed in PiDao.At the same time,owing to the issue of increasing food and salaries,Mao Wenlong was not in good agreement with governor Deng Lai,which was harmful to coordinated operation between PiDao and the mainland of the Ming Dynasty.Manchus directly or indirectly obtained a large number of living materials from Chosun Dynasty and PiDao,which led to the failure of Ming Dynasty’s economic blockade of Manchus.