Why Is The United States Moving Against Globalization?

Since the “Subprime Crisis” in 2007,there have been various anti-globalization phenomena in the United States,and this trend has reached a climax after Donald Trump was elected president of the United States.On the issue of immigration,trump repeatedly stressed the reform of immigration policy during his election campaign,advocating the construction of a border wall along the US-Mexico border and crackdown on illegal immigrants severely.When it comes to trade,although the SinoUS trade war is the main battlefield of trump's trade protectionism,the United States also launched trade wars with its allies,such as the European Union,Japan and Canada.In terms of international mechanisms,the United States is constantly seeking to "recover" the sovereignty that has been "lost" in the process of globalization.On the one hand,it directly withdraws from the global multilateral the mechanism,on the other hand,it criticizes or threat of "withdrawal" from some international mechanisms.As the leader and the biggest beneficiary of this round of globalization,although there have been doubts and even opposition voices in the United States in the process of leading and participating in globalization.However,it has never been the mainstream voice in the United States before,nor has it become the dominant force influencing the implementation of national development strategies and specific policies.Therefore,facing the anti-globalization waves currently rising in the United States,people can't help but ask: Why is the United States,as the leader of globalization and the biggest beneficiary,start to doubt and even reverse globalization? Is the current antiglobalization phenomenon in the United States temporary or the long-term development trend of globalization in the future? If the current trend of antiglobalization is only temporary,can the development of globalization return to or even surpass the level before the financial crisis.If it is the long-term development trend of globalization in the future,what factors have led to the fundamental reversal of the globalization trend?For the current anti-globalization trend in the United States,the existing explanations mainly include: globalization cycle theory,American party competition theory,new trade protection theory,international competition theory,globalization consequence theory,financial crisis intensification theory and so on.Although these explanations analyze the anti-globalization trend of the United States from various perspectives and draw corresponding conclusions,they do not go deep into the deeper analysis of the logic of globalization,so they cannot explain and judge the anti-globalization trend from a longer-term perspective.This paper believes that the logic of globalization is that countries form an international division of labor based on comparative advantage,and on this basis form a dynamic evolution of interdependence.This paper goes deep into the logic of globalization to analyze the logic of antiglobalization,and seeks to explain it from a new perspective of technology and technological progress.It is clear that,with the continuous advancement of technology,technology has a subversive effect on human society and has a profound impact on the globalization process.The reason why technology can influence the logic of globalization is mainly that technology can replace labor and resource elements in production factors.Specifically,the reason why technology can replace labor factors is that: Firstly,technology can make up for the shortcomings and defects of human physiology,secondly,technology has the advantages of low error rate and strong execution,and finally,technology has a cost advantage over human labor force in production and use.The alternative mechanism of technology to labor factors reflects: on the one hand,resource scarcity is a necessary condition for resource element substitution;on the other hand,cost and benefit balance is a sufficient condition for resource element substitution.Among them,technological progress is the dominant factor in the substitution of resource elements.The motivation of a country's participation in globalization based on the interdependence of countries in the international division of labor,and the role of a country in the international division of labor mainly depends on its comparative advantage in the global factors of production.The factors of production include capital,technology,labor force,and resources and so on.Because of the dynamic evolution of technology,it is not only the constant of factors of production,but also plays the role of exogenous variables.The United States has abundant capital and leading technology,but it is relatively scarce in terms of resources and labor.Therefore,it relies on international division of labor and globalization to complement each other.With the continuous evolution of technological progress in the United States,technology can gradually replace labor and resource elements to a certain extent.America's weaknesses in labor and resources have compensated for,thereby reducing its reliance on international division of labor and globalization,and hence the incentive to lead and participate in globalization has been weakening.Specifically,the path of technology substitution for American labor factors is embodied in three aspects in the logic of anti-globalization in the United States: Firstly,the substitution of technology for American domestic labor force results in underemployment,income differentiation and ultimately social polarization;Secondly,the substitution of technology for foreign labor reduces America's depend on foreign labor;Thirdly,the substitution of technological progress for international cheap labor reduces the dependence on developing countries' cheap labor and excludes them from the global value chain.There are three ways for technology to replace American resource elements: Firstly,technological advances enhance the ability of the United States to exploit its own resources,such as the "Shale Revolution" to achieve energy independence in the United States;Secondly,technological advances have increased America's ability to develop alternative resources;Thirdly,technological progress enhances the capacity of resource intensive production,reduces resource consumption and waste,and reduces external dependence on resources.Therefore,we can draw a conclusion from the perspective of technological progress that,the current trend of antiglobalization in the United States is to some extent the result of the continuous evolution of technological progress,and will have a profound impact on the future process of globalization in the United States.