A Study On The 'quanjin' In The Qing Dynasty

In the early Qing-Dynasty,‘Quanjin' is the death-free privilege exclusively for members of the royal clan.In The Later Jin Dynasty,Nurhachi pardoned the guilty sons' death and Locked them up out of parental love and the protection of his inheritance.Hong Taiji and Fulin did not specify fixed laws to address royal crimes.Emperor Kangxi treated the royal clan well,but some of his actions laid the foundation for the law of ‘Quanjin'.In 1734,Emperor Yong Zheng made it applicable to all imperial clans and detailed rules had been formulated.The policy played an important role in cracking down on political opponents and maintaining royal discipline.Gradually,the royal family was transformed from blood relatives and nobles to bureaucrats.After Yong Zheng,the terms of ‘Quanjin' had become more sophisticated,but the management of prisoners had become more laxed.In a patriarchal society,the blood relationship determines that the royal family is the circle closest to the center of the ripples,and only this circle can form a perfect ring to spread the power of dripping farther.From this perspective,studying the ‘Quanjin' will understand that the emperor needs to focus his power firmly on himself,and it must be accompanied by a full range of control over the royal family,but if the control is too severe,the royal family will be useless.This means that all the emperors need to think about: how can they prevent the royal family from threatening the royal power after they have completed the great cause of reunification,and can they make full use of the royal family to fulfill their responsibilities of "tentacles of royal power" ? The empire needed a system that could not only guarantee the power and respect of the royal family,but also restrain the royal family's behavior without causing chaos.The Song Dynasty began to explicitly use ‘Suobi' to regulate the clan's words and deeds,and a more detailed ‘Quanjin' system was introduced during the Qing Dynasty.In order to discuss this particular law in detail,my dissertation is divided into four chapters.The first chapter is about the evolution of the imperial clan policy and the origin of the ‘Quanjin'.It is mainly to pave the way for introduce the imperial clan system in the Qing dynasty,to sort out the change of status of the imperial clan in the past dynasties,the evolution of the system of managing the imperial clan and the origin of the ‘Quanjin' in the Qing Dynasty.The second chapter writes the specific content of the system of ‘Quanjin',including the formation and evolution of the law,the formation and supervision of the prison,and the classification of ‘Quanjin'.This chapter mainly recounts and summarizes historical materials,and describes in detail the operation of the ban in the Qing Dynasty,such as how crimes are examined,how they are judged,how they are enforced,and the rules of visitation.The third chapter writes cases of ‘Quanjin'.I have selected cases of bans by royalty members in different periods and in different positions in the Qing Dynasty to observe the specific implementation of this system.The fourth chapter is the concentrated display of the viewpoint of this dissertation.Under the emperor system,the royal family is the creation of the imperial power.The imperial power cannot separate the imperial family and exist independently,but it must also restrain the imperial family.And trapping is a "more civilized" approach that is not so cruel and it is very convenient for the imperial power to exert great interference.In other word,empower this privilege to the entire royal family is to put restrictions on them.It limits the power of the noble,completely transforms the royal family into a vassal of the royal power,promotes the bureaucratization of the royal family,and uses the law as a shield to block the unstable punishment results caused by blood relatives.The internal hierarchy of the royal family in the Qing Dynasty was severe.By the Yongzheng period,the political enemies of the king's nobility had been completely wiped out,and the clan and gyro were gradually bureaucratized.Under this system,not only do the standards of crimes and trial procedures depend on the rank of the knights,but also the execution methods and treatment in prison.However,the system of ‘Quanjin' in the Qing Dynasty was different in terms of system regulations and implementation methods,which was closely related to the national conditions at the time and the character of the emperor.The trapping system not only regulates the members of the royal family who have committed crimes,but also linked with other privileges.In addition to enjoying the government-distributed income of the government,the only way for the royal family to earn a living is to enter the government as an official,but there were not enough official positions to meet the needs of a growing population of them.With the decline of national strength,the living conditions of royal family becomes more and more embarrassed.For the people,the royal family supported by the state not only increased their tax burdens,but also made them dare not to speak even if their interests were violated.So ordinary people will decide whether to trade with the royal family according to the special dress of them,which undoubtedly increases the cost of living for those kind and cowardly royal family members.The special protection for members of the royal family is a tumor that cannot be parted in the emperor system.The royal clan is the creation of imperial power which determined that it was unable for ‘Quanjin'to play the role of punishment and crime prevention.The royal family and ordinary people are also beset by this privilege.