On The Motherhood Wage Penalty Of Chinese Urban Female Workers In The State System

The sixth national census in 2010 showed that China's population growth has transitioned to the “three lows” mode of low fertility rate,low mortality rate and low growth rate,which is in a period of low fertility rate and population aging,and the contradiction of population structure is increasingly severe.In recent years,China has frequently adjusted its fertility policy.In 2016,the “two-child” policy was implemented.The birth rate of the population has risen temporarily,reaching 12.95%,but the birth rate in 2014 was 12.43%,and the lowest in history in 2018 was 10.94%.The adjustment of the series of birth policies has not fully met the expected goal of actively promoting childbearing.The birth rate of China's population has remained sluggish and has fallen into a "low fertility rate trap."Domestic and foreign literature shows that low fertility rate may be related to “the montherhood wage penalty”.Female laborers,as the main bearers of fertility,often need to invest more time and energy into their families after birth,and they will be actively or forcedly reduced in the labor market,and the labor market participation rate and wage income will decrease.The negative impact of fertility behavior on the wages of female workers is called “the montherhood wage penalty”,and international research on “the montherhood wage penalty” is very rich.In China,the people in the system have been strictly controlled by the birth policy in the past.After the “two-child” policy has been put into effect,the group within the system may become the biggest carrier for the concentrated release of fertility,and the system is China's special national conditions.Expanding research within the Chinese system is important and necessary to help provide new research evidence for research in this area of the world.The article focuses on the female employees in the urban system of China,which is strictly restricted by the family planning policy,and explores the impact of reproductive behavior on the wages of female employees.Through combing and summarizing the domestic and foreign research on the performance of "the montherhood wage penalty" and its causes,this paper analyzes the current low fertility rate and the low wage income of female employees,and analyzes the theoretical mechanism of female workers' "the montherhood wage penalty" in the urban system in China.The empirical analysis of the 2SLS regression analysis using the China Family Tracking Survey(CFPS)2010,2012 and 2014 mixed-section data confirms that for female employees in the urban system,childbearing has a significant negative impact on wage income.The specific performance is that for every child born,the wage rate of female employees will drop significantly by 18.4%,and the monthly salary will also drop by 15.9%.When studying the heterogeneity,the effect of birth wages will be found when the child is born.The impact is even greater,and the female employees who have low education or no management positions have a stronger influence;using the annual gross income index of female employees to conduct a robust test,it is found that for each child,the total annual personal income will drop significantly by 14.4%.It is fully confirmed that the effect of “the montherhood wage penalty” of female employees in China's urban system is significant.In order to alleviate women's "the montherhood wage penalty",improve the labor market environment,and ensure the "full two-child" policy can be implemented smoothly,it is recommended to change the social concept,expand publicity,and improve fertility from the state,society,market to family supporting measures.Supporting welfare,establishing a diversified approach to child care,improving the part-time work environment,advocating for the promotion of male reproductive roles,etc.,and ensuring the smooth promotion of the “comprehensive two-child” policy.