Fair Maintenance Difference And Fairness Of Social Value Orientation

Fairness is an important element for social harmony and stability.Everyone expect to be treated fairly.However,unfair phenomena are generally exist in real life.Unfairness,especially the unfair distribution of money,will lead to extreme behaviors that endanger society if exceed a certain limit.As a result,it is particularly important to safeguard fairness.In real life,everyone's response to maintaining fairness differs in thousands of ways.Social value orientation serves as a stable preference which reflects how individuals distribute their own benefits and those of others in an economic distribution situation,reflecting the mutual relationship between these two internal motives of pursuing self-interest maximization or relying on social equity norms.Therefore,this study focuses on the influence of social value orientation on individual's fairness safeguard behaviors.In addition,individual safeguarding fairness act is reflected in two aspects.One is to take corresponding actions to maintain fairness when they see unfair behavior and the other is to safeguard fairness when they suffer injustice themselves.In the past,researches did not put different social value orientations as third parties to discuss their fairness maintenance behavior.On account of this,there are two main purposes of this study: Firstly,to explore the different behaviors in maintaining fairness and the fairness experience when people with different social value orientations witness unfairness(as a third party);secondly,to explore the different behaviors in maintaining fairness and the fairness experience when they suffer unfairness(as recipients).This study uses the third party punishment(compensation)paradigm and the ultimatum game paradigm based on the dictator game to conduct a series of behavioral experiments,in order to explore the fairness safeguarding behavior and fair perception of different social value orientations based on the perspective of third party and the recipient respectively.Research one uses the third-party punishment(compensation)paradigm,including experiment 1 and experiment 2.In the third-party punishment(compensation)paradigm,participants being third parties watch the dictator game played by the other two.Dictator game involves two people,one is the distributor,and the other is the recipient.The distributor puts forward a distribution plan,while the recipient could only accept without any kind of rejection.In order to command the impact of contribution,this experiment sets a situation in which distributors and recipients invest the same amount of money,and then carry out a dictator game on the results of investment.The dictator game includes distributions of benefits and losses.The participants of different social value orientations being third parties hold 20 yuan chips in each round,for fair maintenance.After watching the dictator game,the participants need to respond to other people's unfair distribution.Third parties can choose not to take action or compensate the distributor(or recipient)or punish the distributor(or recipient)for five kinds of responses,and they must choose the corresponding intensity of behavior(ie,the money they are willing to spend)to implement fair maintenance behavior.The result of experiment 1 showed that compared with pro-self people,whether the loss or the benefit unfair,the pro-social people are more inclined to act when they witness unfair behavior,and they are willing to put more money for defending fairness.In addition,pro-social people take a compensatory approach to fair maintenance.Experiment 2 is based on experiment 1.The participants are also third parties to watch others' distribution plan.However,this time only the fairness of the distribution plan is assessed.The results of experiment 2 found that whether the loss or the gain unfair,there was no significant difference between pro-social and pro-self people based on the third party's perception of fairness.On the basis of the first study,the second study further explores the difference in the fairness safeguarding behavior and its perception of unfairness when different social value orientations themselves are victims of injustice.The research two(experiment three)uses the ultimatum game paradigm.There are two roles,namely the distributor and the recipient.As the name implies,the distributor is responsible for proposing the distribution plan.The recipient can accept or reject it.When the recipient accepts,the distribution will proceed according to the distributor's plan,and when the recipient refuses,the two parties will get nothing.In the course of the experiment,the different social value orientations,as unfair recipients,need to accept or reject the unfair distribution proposed by the distributors and at the same time to evaluate whether the distribution plan is fair.As with research one,in order to command the impact of other factors such as contribution,the experiment set a context in which distributors and recipients jointly invested the same amount of money and allocated the results of the investment.The experiment also manipulated the situation of loss and benefit distribution and different types of distribution schemes(divided into advantageous-inequity and disadvantageous-inequity).The results showed that pro-social people refused to gain more advantages than pro-self people.The unfair distribution,however,based on the perspective of the recipient,showing that there is no significant difference in the fair evaluation between the pro-social and pro-self-people.Combining the above results,this study concludes that whether based on the perspective of the third party or the second party(recipient),the pro-social person shows more fairness safeguarding behavior than the pro-self person.In addition,the difference of social value orientations is mainly reflected at the behavioral level,while there is no significant difference in the psychological perception of the result evaluation.This study further explores the role of social value orientation in fair game decision-making and fairness safeguarding,enriches the previous research on social value orientation,and adds new evidences to the theories of social value orientation.