| Since the 1980 s,in order to solve the problem of food and clothing for the people in the poverty-deeply stricken area which is concentrated and contiguous,Ningxia has formulated the immigration policy of poverty alleviation which will mobilize the people lived in mountainous south of Ningxia that is relatively poor of the resources;narrow of the people's living space;and lack of people's basic living conditions to move to the wasteland where resources are richer and irrigated for developmental production.Since the implementation of whole village immigration in Ningxia in 1983,all phases of migration projects have dual functions of ecological restoration and poverty alleviation and development.Therefore,they belong to ecological immigrants in a broad sense.Based on the fragility of the relocation area,the development of immigrant livelihoods is very difficult before the immigration.After the relocation,under the influence of immigration policies and the external environment,the livelihood capital of immigrants has improved,and the livelihoods and tactics have also undergone major changes.However,due to various reasons,the livelihood and capital system of immigrants is still incomplete and part of livelihood capital is still very scarce,which has severely constrained the multiple sustainable development of the livelihoods of migrants,and also has slowed the pace of eco-immigration out of poverty.Under this background,based on 804 questionnaires and interview data from 10 immigrant villages in 5 counties/districts of 3 cities in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,and guided by ecological migration theories and sustainable livelihood theories,starting with agriculture,business,the labor industry and other aspects,firstly,the paper elaborated on the positive changes in the livelihoods of ecological immigrants.Through the combination of livelihoods of immigrants,the livelihood strategies of immigrants were divided into five categories: pure agriculture,agriculture-led,concurrent-industry,non-agricultural-led,and non-agricultural.Based on this,it further analyzes the motive factors that drives the changes in livelihoods and the formation of livelihood strategies.Secondly,under the framework of sustainable livelihoods,according to the actual situation of ecological immigrant livelihood capital,a comprehensive index system of livelihoods of immigrant households including human capital,social capital,financial capital,naturalcapital,and material capital was designed.The model method measures the livelihood capital of ecological immigrant households,so it believes that the current ecological livelihood capital system presents the outstanding features of overall lack and structural imbalance.At the same time,based on the quantitative research results,the factors that restrict the development of immigrant livelihood capital are deeply analyzed from the aspects of social network,vocational skills training and the sources of production capital.Thirdly,under the background of the vulnerability of emigration region,the logical relationship of the living environment,single livelihoods,and economic poverty of the immigrants was analyzed,and the internal logic of the new livelihoods was discussed after the change of livelihood capital and the reintegration of resettlement area.Finally,in conjunction with the national poverty alleviation precise strategy,and in light of the restricting factors for immigrant livelihood capital development,the paper puts forward countermeasures to restructure social relations networks to recreate immigration social capital,to expand education poverty alleviation to help the poor rebuild migrants' human capital,and to strengthen financial aid for the redevelopment of immigration financial capital.This will further promote the strengthening and reconstruction of immigrant livelihood capital,improve the livelihood of immigrants capital system,and promote immigration from poverty to become rich. |
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