Research On The Evolution Of Air Pollution Prevention And Control In The United Kingdom (1921?1997)

Britain is the first industrialized country in the world,in nearly a hundred years,the rapid development of the British economy,the national strength significantly enhanced in the world to form a UK-centric "world market." However,the United Kingdom has had to face the bitterness of industrialization-a serious environmental pollution problem-while enjoying the brilliant results of its industrialization.As we all know,people can live without water and food for a few days,but in the absence of air can only survive for a few minutes,it can be seen that the clean air is a necessary condition for human survival,and the air pollution control is particularly important.Since the United Kingdom for the first time in the 1860s to clear the responsibility of the central government to control air pollution in the legal form,after nearly a century of efforts to gradually achieve the goal of the clean air,as a symbol of London,"London fog" also disappear.This paper based on the study of the British air pollution control policy evolution,on the one hand,systematically elaborated the causes of air pollution in the UK,and analyze the policies,laws of the British government during the "first attempt" in the 1860s to the 1950s,to explore achievements and the problems of Britain at this stage of air pollution control.On the other hand,this paper focuses on the efforts of the government,social organizations and the public of the UK during the "full launch" of air pollution control in the 1950s.And in the 1970s Britain changed its air pollution governance model and style under the double pressure of both domestic and foreign countries,like European union.On the basis of this,the paper finally tries to summarize the achievements of air pollution control in Britain,and provides references and inspirations for Britain air pollution control from the aspects of government,social organization and people to China.This article contains the following four parts.Part ?:This paper mainly discusses the background of air pollution control in Britain and the measures taken in the initial stage.Starting from the analysis of the causes of UK air pollution control,this paper further elaborates the government's efforts on policy and law from the mid-19th century to the eve of World War II.Then discusses the interruption and influence of the two World War on the process of air pollution control in Britain,and the measures taken by the government and social organizations to carry out air pollution control again during the difficult war.Finally,analyzed the achievements and problems in the early stage of air pollution control in Britain,and it is pointed out that these problems have caused serious air pollution after World War II.Part II:This paper mainly discusses the governance measures and effectiveness evaluation of the development stage of air pollution control in Britain.From the analysis of the performance and causes of the "great smog" in London in 1952,this paper expounds the attitude and behavior of the British government,media,social organizations and the people in this period respectively.Although government has problems such as not timely response to smoke,but still made commendable achievements,such as setting the world's first modern air law-the Clean Air Act of 1956,and adopted a series of air pollution control measures.Media and social organizations actively publicize and take relevant actions.During this period,the public realized that there was a link between air pollution and life and health,but the attitude of air pollution control was different because of their own interests.Part ?:This paper mainly discusses the control mode and three new characteristics of the mature stage of air pollution control in Britain.In the 1970s and 1980s,the problem of smoke in the UK was resolved.However,due to the emergence of new air pollution problems such as multiple pollution sources and secondary pollution,and the problems left over by the British in the last stage of governance,Britain adopted a new method called "comprehensive management".And then analyzed the new features of this stage:The central government and local authorities gradually moved from conflict to cooperation.Under the background of information disclosure,people play an increasingly important role in the environment.The international frictions between the UK and the EC are becoming increasingly serious due to environmental problems.Finally,analyzes the change of the British air pollution control policy under the dual pressures of the domestic people and foreign countries.Part IV:This paper mainly discusses the characteristics of air pollution control in Britain and its enlightenment to China.First,summarize the achievements of the UK in the process of air pollution control,and then analyze the three characteristics of British governance of air pollution.Finally,it discusses the reference and enlightenment of the British air pollution control from the aspects of law,system,scientific research and the public.