Research On The Central Military Management System In The Early Tang Dynasty

There have been many discussions on the central decision-making system in the Tang Dynasty,but the specific research on the decision-making body from the military point of view is relatively limited.This paper will discuss in detail the military decision-making body at the central level and the military management organization with the Military Ministry as the core in the first 100 years of the Tang Dynasty.On the basis of previous studies,this paper hopes to study the central military decision-making and management system in Tang Dynasty with reference to the handed-down literature.The foregoing part is divided into five parts.Firstly,the article reviews the academic history of this issue,combs out what useful explorations have been made by the predecessors on this issue and related issues,and draws some conclusions,which we can still learn from today,which places are still inadequate or not involved,which we can make up for.Only when we fully absorb the predecessors on the basis of previous studies can we make up for them.Our research will not lose its way.We will neither do repetitive work,Bottle New wine,play the same old tune,nor deviate from the topic and put the cart before the horse.The development and evolution of the central military decision-making system in Tang Dynasty is one of the key points of this paper.During the period from the founding of Li Tang to Wu Zetian,the three provincial systems operated normally,and the military affairs were carried out by the pre-imperial conference and the Council meeting.Therefore,during this period,the military decision-making and management can be divided into wartime and non-wartime discussions.In wartime,the council's Prime Minister team made decisions and discussed them,and submitted the processing opinions to the emperor for examination and approval.After passing,six ministries were issued for implementation.So it can be said that the conference of the political affairs hall in wartime is similar to that of the Central Military Commission and the General Staff Headquarters today.The emperor is the undisputed Supreme commander-in-chief.In non-wartime peacetime,there is no direct military command.This is a question of military management that needs to be discussed,that is,the huge military machinery,which institutions are managed and how to operate.Generally speaking,the army in peacetime does not have direct military command.The training and garrison of the team are managed by the generals at all levels according to their respective responsibilities,including training,town relocation and Quartermaster transportation,all of which have their respective responsible agencies.Normally,each department is in its proper position and in accordance with its duties.Generally,other departments will not interfere in its operation without any reason.However,in special circumstances,it is still necessary to continuously send them to the highest administrative center,the political affairs hall.Under the condition that the prime ministers fully grasp the situation of the local armed forces,they issue orders to adjust them appropriately according to law.This is the result of the absolute control of the army,the most important part of the state machinery by the highest decision-making organ.In addition,the relevant military departments and household departments bear the responsibility in peacetime.General work is far more complicated than that of decision-making departments,which must be noticed in our research to maintain the normal operation of the army.As early as the Wu Zetian period.Prime Minister Pei Yan moved the government hall from the lower provinces to Zhongshu province,and made the Zhongshu decree to govern the affairs,thus initially completing the transfer of the focus of the highest power.By the eleventh year of Emperor Xuanzong's Kaiyuan reign(713),Zhang Shuling,who was in office at that time,said that Chang Zhengshitang was under the door of Zhongshu.In fact,he had changed the group-phase system which had been in operation for nearly a hundred years to the prime minister system.In fact,Zhongshu Ling had gained the absolute power under one person.This is undoubtedly a powerful way to improve administrative efficiency,but also a reaction to the collective leadership of the previous prime ministers.Such decision-making links have been changed from the original group strategy to "five-colored judgments" and "six detentions".The highest decision-making and management department has been changed to "Shumen".From then on,at least nominally,under the door of ZhongShumen has been the highest military decision-making and management organization.Central Military Administration System.In order to deepen the understanding of this issue,this chapter makes a case study of some classical warfare cases before,during and after the Tang Dynasty.Because the simple mode of institutional operation makes us always feel foggy when we observe this problem,we need to supplement it with case studies to try to find out the course of their war,especially the decision-making process of the highest decision-making level.The central military decision-making and management in Tang Dynasty was a very complex system.In addition to the discussion of the central emperor and prime minister,there was also a strict monitoring system,including the system of admonishing officials and the system of imperial historic observatory.When they think there is a problem with the resolution,they will raise objections or even criticisms to the emperor,while the central government has an observation envoy and a patrol court.The establishment of a strong military surveillance system ensures that mistakes in military decision-making are minimized.The Central Military Management Mechanism of Tang Dynasty is another key point of this paper.In the early Tang Dynasty,the Ministry of Military Affairs was undoubtedly the highest military decision-making body,which was caused by two factors.On the one hand,the Ministry of Military Affairs was in charge of the post of a bookkeeper and a waiter,and was in charge of the government decrees selected by military and military officers under the world.All military divisions,key maps of mountains and rivers,the number of stables,livestock,armour battles,etc.are part of the Ministry of Military Affairs.On the other hand,in the early Tang Dynasty,the Ministry of Military Affairs was generally held by the prime minister.Therefore,in the"Supreme Military Conference",,they should participate in decision-making and planning.It is necessary to focus on discussing the decision-making and management functions of the Ministry of Military Affairs.In addition,there are also those who are related to military management in the Jiuqing system.In the early Tang Dynasty,such organizations as the Grand Platform and the Twelfth Army of Guanzhong had existed for a relatively short period of time.They failed to transform into formal institutions like the Political Affairs Hall,the Zhongshu Menxia,the Military Department and the Privy Council.But it is undeniable that they all played different functions in a certain special period,at least one of the military decision-making departments in that period.Chapter IV is a case study of the operation of the central military decision-making organs.Of course,there are some specific examples.This chapter tries to make a preliminary analysis of several representative battles selected from many battles in the early Tang Dynasty in order to deepen the understanding of this issue and get a more intuitive feeling.Chapter Five:The impact of the central military decision-making and management institutions on the society of Tang Dynasty.This problem can be carried out from two aspects.One is the influence on the present dynasty.What influence did the central military decision-making and management organ of the Tang Dynasty bring to the outbreak of the war and the victory or defeat of the present dynasty?What are the positive and negative factors?What are the reasons?Is the weak implementation of the decrees or the failure of the decision-making itself?The reason for these results is the relationship between the central military decision-making and the functional department?Or the problem of the system itself is contingency.Specific issues can be discussed from different aspects of the army,national defense and society.Secondly,what legacy did the military decision-making and management organizations leave behind to the later generations,which system designs were inherited and innovated by the later generations,and what lessons should be avoided.Summarize the chapters of the whole paper,refine their views,make a clearer description,so that readers have a clearer judgment.