Comparative examination and effects of abnormal light and diseases in the vertebrate pineal and retina

In this review, the vertebrate retina and pineal are compared in terms of morphology and function, focusing on light perception, phototransduction, and circadian rhythm. The objectives are to: (1) Describe the general morphology of the retina and pineal, (2) Explain phototransduction in both structures, (3) Explain circadian rhythms in both structures, and (4) Explain how altered circadian rhythms, either through environmental changes or diseases, lead to changes in both the retina and pineal.