The High-level Molecular Phylogeny Of The Family Hesperiidae Based On Mitochondrial Genomes

At present,there are 7 subfamilies in the family Hesperiidae that belongs to Lepidoptera.However,the effectiveness and taxonomic positions of Eudaminae and the monophyletic problem of Pyrginae are still controversial.Additionally,there is no mitogenome of Trapezitinae reported yet.Is it a sister group of the subfamily trichopinae? Mitochondrial genome is widely used in molecular evolution and phylogeny because of its lots of molecular markers and rapid evolution rate.However,a mass of specices in the family Hesperiidae still do not have complete mitochondrial genomes,which limits the research on this family.This study focused on two problems: the lack of mitochondrial genome data and high-level molecular phylogeny of the family Hesperiidae.(1)In this study,a total of 15 mitochondrial genomes were sequenced and annotated,those are,the mitochondrial genomes of Abraximorpha esta,Apostictopterus fuliginosus,Barca bicolor,Coladenia maeniata,Darpa hanria,Lotongus saralus,Matapa aria,Pseudocoladenia dan,Pseudocoladenia dea,Pseudocoladenia festa,Satarupa nymphalid,Signeta flammeata,Tagiades japetus,Trapezites iacchus and Trapezites symmomus.The basic characteristics,base composition and codon usage of 15 mitochondrial genomes were compared and analyzed.Among the 15 mitochondrial genomes,Lotongus saralus and Trapezites iacchus,both with a length of 15,853 base pairs,were the longest,while the shortest one is Coladenia maeniata is 15,284 base pairs.Mitochondrial genomes of all species were complete except for Signeta flammeata missing a fragment.(2)The high-level phylogenetic relationship of Hesperiidae was reconstructed using maximum likelihood method and bayesian inference based on the 15 newly sequenced mitogenomes and the 26 currently available mitogenomes.The results confirmed the present 7 subfamily and supported that Coeliadiane was sister group of other branches,Euschemoninae was sister group of other branches except Coeliadiane,and Pyrgine was monogeneic.In subfamily Pyrginae,Erynnini is a sister of Pyrgini and Celaenorrhinini is a sister of Tagiadini.Darpa and Abraximorpha formed a branch that revealed Darpa is not the sister of Daimio.Also,Daimio is nested within Tagiades.Based on the morphological characteristics of these genera,this study supported that the genus Daimio is the synonym of the genus Tagiades.And it supported that three subspecies of Pseudocoladenia are upgraded to species.Apostictopterus and Barca formed a strongly clade is the sister group of the Trapezitinae with highly BS value.Based on morphological characteristics of the adults we proposed the issue of upgrading the clade of two genera as a new subfamily: Apostictopterinae subfam.nov.,type genus: Apostictopterus.Lotongus and Matapa formed a clade was nested within Hesperiinae.Combined with the morphological characteristics,it belongs to Erionotini of the subfamily Hesperiinae.