Change And Migration Of Pahs During Deep-frying And Health Risk Estimation Of Youtiao

Youtiao is a typical,traditional and widely-consumed fried food in China.Its quality and safety issues have always been the focus of attention.This study measured the concentrations and migration rates of 16 parent PAHs and five oxy-PAHs during the deep-frying of youtiao.The concentrations,dietary exposure and health risk of PAHs and aluminum in youtiao from different locations were also determined.The effects of continuous frying time on 16 US-EPA PAHs and 5 oxy-PAHs concentrations were studied.PAHs migrations were evaluated using an isotope tracer method.The results revealed that the highest concentrations of PAHs and oxy-PAHs in youtiao were detected after 2 h of continuous frying in soybean oil and after 4 h or 6 h of continuous frying in shortening oil.Prolonged continuous frying time decreased parent PAHs and oxy-PAHs concentrations.High concentrations of oxy-PAHs,especially 9FO(1.75 ?g/kg)and ATQ(6.41 ?g/kg),were detected.The sum of five oxy-PAH concentrations was significantly correlated with the sum of 16 parent PAH concentrations(r = 0.98208,p = 0.00287)in soybean oil-fried youtiao.Three oxy-PAHs(9FO,ATQ,and Ba PO)were significantly correlated with their respective parent PAHs.PAH migration rates(2.02–18.48%)of different deuterated PAHs varied significantly based on the frying oil type.The migration rates from used shortening oil(6.16–18.48%)were higher than those from fresh shortening oil(4.44–5.62%).The dietary exposure and cancer risk associated with benzo[a]pyrene equivalents from youtiao consumption were estimated using Monte Carlo simulation.Concentrations of the sum of 16 PAHs were between 9.90 and 89.97 ?g/kg.The sum concentrations of PAH4,including Ba A,Chr,Bb F and Ba P,ranged from 1.41 to 26.56 ?g/kg.The median dietary exposure of Ba Peq concentrations from youtiao for children,adolescents,adults and seniors in China,were 0.0147,0.0101,0.0561 and 0.0106 ng/kg/day,respectively.Health risk estimates expressed as the 95 th percentile incremental lifetime cancer risks(ILCRs)with respect to PAHs indicated a slight potential carcinogenic risk for children in northern China and adults in both the north and south.The aluminum content of youtiao sample varied considerably(ranged from 4.46 to 852.69 mg/kg).Both the mean and median aluminum content of youtiao exceeded 100 mg/kg,the codex guidelines of China.However,both the median and 97.5th percentile weekly dietary exposure to aluminum from youtiao did not exceed the provisional tolerable weekly intake(PTWI)set by the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA).If children,adolescents,adults and seniors consumed 134.47,260.98,327.10,320.41 g youtiao per week,respectively,the weekly dietary exposure to aluminum would exceed the PTWI.