| Since the Chinese government proposed the“Belt and Road”initiative in 2013,more than 100countries and international organizations have participated in it,and the scope of cooperation involves major regions on five continents.During the implementation of the initiative,how to protect the ecological environment and achieve regional sustainable development?This issue has received widespread attention from governments,international organizations,and the global public.In order to meet the information needs for ecological environmental protection along the“Belt and Road”initiative to provide remote sensing information support to the participating governments and the general public in a timely and accurate manner.Based on remote sensing technology,Keben Research carried out full coverage and multi-factor comprehensive research on the areas along the“Belt and Road”,which is given in the form of scientific research.Comprehensive analysis results of the ecological environment status,changing characteristics and influencing factors within the scope of the implementation of the“Belt and Road”initiative.Syria is located in the Middle East along the“Belt and Road”.It is a country with a long history and ancient civilization.It is of typical significance to study the quality of the country’s ecological environment.In early 2011,Syria rioted and spread to the entire Arab world.As of December of that year,the United Nations officially announced the struggle between the Syrian government forces and factions,and the war officially began.The nine-year war caused immeasurable damage to Syria.Therefore,it is very necessary to study Syria in the fields of ecological environment monitoring,resources and environment census,earthquake prevention and disaster reduction,agricultural production estimation,war disasters,social development and other fields.This study takes the Syrian war as the research background,uses remote sensing technology to evaluate the changes in the quality of the ecological environment,and objectively discusses the impact of war on people’s lives.The Landsat series of images from Syria 1990,2000,2010 and2018 were selected as the data source,combined with the land use data,the remote sensing image data and the land use data were processed and modified with the support of software such as the remote sensing image processing system ENVI and Arc GIS.The Remote Sensing Based Ecological Index(RSEI)model comprehensively evaluates the ecological environment quality of Syria from1900 to 2018,and analyzes the spatio-temporal dynamic characteristics and driving factors of Syrian ecological environment quality driven by land use change.The research results are as follows:(1)This study analyzes the characteristics of the spatiotemporal dynamics of land use in Syria from 1990 to 2018 in terms of changes in land use types.(1)Among the land use types,the unused land desert had the largest proportion,reaching more than 61.55%,followed by cultivated land and main grassland.The area occupied by the two was more than 10%.(2)The change trend of land use types in the study area from 1990 to 2018 was more significant.The area of cultivated land and grassland changed greatly,the reduction area was 2759 km~2 and 7574 km~2 respectively.The area of forest land,construction land,water body and unused land increases,and the increase area was3481 km~2,778 km~2,74 km~2.(3)From the perspective of land use change rate,the largest land use change rate in Syria was construction land,which had a land use change rate of 3.33%.The change rate of forest was second only to construction land.The change rate was 1.36%,and the cultivated land and grassland have decreased by 0.29%and 1.02%,which reflected the gradual increase of construction land in the process of urbanization,mainly relying on the conversion of grassland and part of cultivated land into construction land.(2)Driven by land-use change,the spatial distribution of Syrian eco-environmental quality status from 1990 to 2018 exhibited obvious spatial differences,that was,"the western coastal forest land was good and the southeastern desert area was poor".The overall ecological environment quality had declined.The average RSEI of remote sensing ecological index in 1990,2000,2010 and 2018 were 0.439,0.450,0.412 and 0.301,that was,the Syrian eco-environmental quality was generally poor and a bit poor grade,and the area of them increased from 9926 km~2 to10722 km~2in 28 years.Before the outbreak of the war,the dryness and heat of the Syrian desert area had a significant impact on the quality of the ecological environment,and most of the better environmental quality was distributed in woodland or grassland areas.In addition,the eco-environmental quality of the urban areas of typical cities in Syrian cities was also at a poor level,indicating that urban construction and development also had a greater impact on the eco-environmental quality.By 2018,excepted that the quality of the ecological environment along the western coast was at or above the middle level,poor and a bit poor grades swept the entire Syria,indicating that the overall ecological environment in Syria was extremely poor,for war brings bad influence to the quality of ecological environment.(3)The analysis of the key areas in the southwest,northwest and northeast with Damascus,Aleppo and Hasek as hotspots showed:The internal RSEI values of the southwest had declined in28 years,and the ecological environment in the urban area of Damascus city deteriorated most seriously among them.Very few areas in the west were areas with excellent and good ecological quality,and the rest were medium to poor.From 1990 to 2010,the eco-environment quality in the northwest region was relatively uniform,and only the areas with poor eco-environment quality in the near-desert area in the southeast appeared.In 1990-2018,the average RSEI was mostly in the poor and middle grades.As the worst ecological environment in Syria,Hasakah Province in the Northeast region had an average RSEI of 0.582 in 1990,which fell to 0.413 in 2018.The overall eco-environmental conditions in the three typical regions were showing a deteriorating trend.(4)In the RSEI model,the heat and dryness indicators of the ecological factors showed a continuous increase,the greenness index decreases overall,and the humidity index remains unchanged.The area occupied by six land-use types in Syria changed a lot from 1990 to 2010.Among them,the increase in construction land and unused land,as well as the expansion of construction land in the central city,causing the gradual decline in humidity and greenness indicators,and the increase in heat and dryness indicators.They showed that the large-scale expansion of construction land had become a key factor affecting the quality of Syria’s ecological environment.(5)The natural environment and human activities jointly affected the changes in the quality of the ecological environment.Natural factors were also a prerequisite for the formation of the basic spatial pattern of the ecological environment.There were obvious spatial differences in the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the ecological environment quality of Syrian countries,but this difference pattern was mainly caused by natural factors.Among the man-made factors,the continued decline of the population and the impact of migration on the quality of Syria’s ecological environment had also been greater. |
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