| Chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum morifolium)is one of the ten famous traditional flowers in China.It has a long cultivation history and high ornamental and economic value.Among them,potted chrysanthemum has many advantages such as its variety,neat flowering,long flowering period and excellent ornamental characteristics.In recent years,it has been widely used to beautify urban landscaping.However,most of the potted chrysanthemum cultivation in China currently stays in traditional nutrient soil cultivation,with extensive management of water and fertilizers,prone to disease and pests,and uneven growth quality.Therefore,this study aimed at the current problems in the production and management of potted chrysanthemums,conducted cultivation experiments with different substrate formulas and fertilization measures,and analyzed the effects of different substrate formulas and fertilization measures on the appearance quality and nutritional physiology of potted chrysanthemums.Results of the current study will provide technical solutions for large-scale soilless cultivation in potted chrysanthemum.The main findings are as follows:(1)Five matrices of imported peat,domestic peat,coconut bran,perlite,and sand are used to configure composite matrices at different volume ratios for experimental research.Based on the physical and chemical properties of the matrices and the growth indicators of potted chamomile in different matrices and principal component analysis on each growth index of potted chrysanthemum,excellent substrate formulas were screened out:T6 treatment(imported peat:perlite:sand=3:1:1),T1 treatment(domestic peat:coco peat:perlite=1:1)and T3 treatment(domestic peat:coconut bran:perlite:sand=1:1:1:1).They could obviously increase the growth of potted chrysanthemum,and showed a positive effect on plant height,stem thickness and biomass,and the plant growth performance was good.Secondly,the T4 treatment(imported peat:perlite=3:1)and T5 treatment(imported peat:coconut bran:perlite=1:1:1)also performed well.As for the potted chrysanthemums treated with T8(coconut bran:perlite=2:1),T9(coconut bran:perlite=3:1),and T11(coconut bran:perlite:sand=2:1:1),plant height,crown width,leaf fresh weight,and stem fresh weight were all lower than those of CK treatment(domestic peat:perlite=3:1),and the plant growth performance was poor.(2)Three fertilizers,water-soluble fertilizer,humic acid liquid fertilizer,and slow-release fertilizer were used to investigated effects of different fertilizer treatments on the morphology and quality of potted chrysanthemum.Each three treatments were designed for all kinds of fertilizers,say 2 g/pot(HS1),4 g/pot(HS2),6 g/pot(HS3)for slow-release fertilizer,1‰(SR1)every 10 days,2‰(SR2)every 20 days,and 3‰(SR3)every 30 days for water-soluble fertilizer,and 1.7‰(FZ1)every 10 days,3.4‰(FZ2)every 20 days,and 5.1‰(FZ3)every 30 days for humic acid liquid fertilizer.It was concluded that HS2 was better than HS1 and HS3 for plant height,crown width,flower and stem fresh dry weight in slow-release fertilizer treatment.Thus,a slower release fertilizer or a slower release fertilizer can inhibit the growth and development of potted chrysanthemum.Under different fertilization frequency treatment conditions,SR1 treatment showed higher plant dry weight,stem thickness,leaves,stem,and fresh and dry weight indicators than the other treatments,and the growth advantage was very obvious,followed by SR2 treatment in whic the plant indicators performed well.The humic acid liquid fertilizer treatment of larger amounts of water-soluble fertilizer and slow-release fertilizer treatment,the overall growth of the plant was weak,and various growth indicators were lower.In summary,a large number of water-soluble fertilizers have the best performance on the growth of potted chrysanthemum,followed by slow-release fertilizers,and the worst performance of humic acid liquid fertilizers;10 days/time application of 1‰ water-soluble fertilizers(SR1)treatment has the best overall effect in improving the quality of potted chrysanthemums.(3)The optimal substrate formula screened out from imported substrate,domestic substrate,and coconut bran-perlite substrate formula,combined with two optimal fertilization methods and two factors of substrate formula and fertilization frequency was used to study the cultivation substrate comprehensive effects of formula and fertilization measures on the growth of potted chrysanthemum.The matrix formulations are imported peat:perlite:sand=3:1:1(A1),coco peat:perlite=4:1(A2),domestic peat:coco peat:perlite=1:1:1(A3),and fertilization frequency is 1‰ water-soluble fertilizer(B1)applied every 10 days,and 2‰ water-soluble fertilizer(B2)applied every 20 days.Based on the physical and chemical properties of the substrate and the effects on the of morphological and physiological quality of potted chrysanthemum,it was observed that the treatment A3B1 showed significantly positive effects on plant height,main stem thickness,chlorophyll,and above-ground fresh and dry weight indicators than other treatments.Under A1 substrate formula cultivation,the frequency of B1 and B2 fertilization had no significant effect on the quality of potted chrysanthemum.Under the conditions of A2 and A3 substrate formula cultivation,potted chrysanthemum treated with B1 fertilization frequency was significantly bettern than B2 fertilization frequency in plant height,main stem thickness,chlorophyll,total nitrogen,total potassium,and above-ground fresh and dry weight indicators.Therefore,domestic peat:oconut bran:perlite=1:1:1 could be used as the cultivation substrate.The application of 1‰ water-soluble fertilizer treatment(A3B1)every 10 days has the best overall effect on the quality of potted chrysanthemums.(4)Using domestic peat:oconut bran:perlite=1:1:1 as the cultivation substrate,the effect of different fertilization intervals on the growth of potted chrysanthemum was investigated.The fertilization intervals were set to 7 d,10 d,and 15 da,and a single application of 1‰ water-soluble fertilizer,with no fertilizer treatment as control.Morphological,physiological,and biomass indicators were measured at the seedling,growing,budding,and flowering stages of potted chrysanthemum,and the results showed that fertilization at different intervals affected the plant height,stem thickness,crown width,freshness of potted chrysanthemum.The effects of dry weight,chlorophyll,nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium contents were significantly different.The treatment effect at the 7 d fertilization interval was the best,and the longer the fertilization interval,the worse the overall growth of the plant.During the full flowering period,the plant height,main stem thickness,and crown width of the 7 d fertilization interval treatment increased by 103.76%,96.08%,and 149.75%,respectively,compared with the non-fertilization treatment,and their biomass indicators also increased significantly compared to the non-fertilization treatment.In summary,the application of 1‰ water-soluble fertilizer every 7 d could improve the growth quality of potted chrysanthemum. |
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