| Feeding management is an important factor affecting the performance of dairy cows.In this study,a systematic evaluation of the feeding and management technology of the pasture was conducted with a focus on total mixed ration（TMR）processing,using Shandong Heili Ranch as a case study.The TMR processing quality,body condition score,and manure score were evaluated according to the Code of Practice of Total Mixed Ration for Dairy Cattle,based on the locomotion score proposed by Sprecher,rumen fill score proposed by Zaaijer,stall usage index proposed by Overton,cleanliness score proposed by Schreiner,and teat score proposed by Mein.The evaluation method was used to evaluate the relevant indexes,and through the evaluation,some problems were pointed out and suggestions were made to rectify them from feeding and management.In this study,the TMR processing quality of three lactating herds of high,medium and low yielding cows in the target farms was evaluated,and the main indicators included nutrient fluctuation,particle size fluctuation and dosing deviation of the fed feed.The results were as follows: the fluctuation range of dry matter was-7.05%-6.43%,the fluctuation range of crude protein was 1.54%-5.10%,the fluctuation range of ether extract was-0.6%-2.41%,the fluctuation range of neutral detergent fiber was-7.06%-1.56%,the fluctuation range of acid detergent fiber was-2.46%-4.02%,the fluctuation range of ash-1.82%-2.35%,calcium-0.11%-2.21%,and phosphorus 0.01%-0.40%.The nutrients with daily coefficients of variation greater than 10% were ether extract,calcium and phosphorus,with fluctuations ranging from 13.63%-18.11%,21.88%-28.99% and 12.00%-15.16%.The fluctuation range was 6.72%-35.63% for long particles,25.66%-43.82% for medium particles,15.38%-22.55%for short particles and 17.71%-37.53% for fine particles,while feed sorting was found to be more serious in low yielding herds.The fluctuation range of dosing deviation was 0%-25.32%,the largest dosing deviation was for water and imported oats,and the smallest was for corn silage.Cows were randomly selected from high,medium and low yielding lactating herds and scored several times according to the corresponding scoring criteria,and the mean values and score ratios of each rating index were counted.The results were as follows: the average body condition score was 2.86,fluctuating from 2 to 4;the average locomotion score was 1.24,fluctuating from 1 to 4;the average rumen fill score was 2.88,fluctuating from 1 to 5;the average manure score was 2.85,fluctuating from 1.5 to 4;the average stall usage index was64.34%;the average cleanliness score was 2.03;the average udder hygiene score was 1.7;and teat score was 1.96.The conclusions were as follows:1.According to the TMR measurement results of the lactating herd and combined with field observations,it was found that the actual nutrient intake of the cows varied from the formula target nutrient values due to inaccurate feeding,uneven mixing,and feed sorting.2.The results of the study revealed a wide range of fluctuations in dry matter,crude protein,neutral detergent fiber,calcium and phosphorus in the diet,and a good range of fluctuations in acid detergent fiber and ash,so we considered the overall results of nutrient fluctuations in the diet as poor.Poor evaluation results were found in the evaluation of dietary particle size in high,medium and low yielding herds,so we consider the overall result of dietary particle size fluctuation as poor.3.The body condition score,locomotion score,rumen fill score and manure score of the lactating herd on this farm were close to the ideal scores and the management of these indicators was excellent.The management of cow cleanliness and teat health was good,and the management of stall usage index was medium.Therefore,the overall management effect of the farm seems to be good. |
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