The Korean Grain Collection And Supply To Mao Wenlong During The Late Ming And Early Qing Period

During the late Ming and early Qing period,Mao Wenlong was stationed in the gado island close to the Korean Peninsula.The grain collected by the Korean in the name of supplying Mao Wenlong’s forces was called "Maoliang".Up to now,the academic circle of China has not taken "Maoliang" as a study object separately.This paper will analyses the reasons why the Korean supply Maoliang to Mao Wenlong’s forces,and show the collection and supply system.It will also track the transfer process of Maoliang through the historical materials recorded by China,Korean and the later Jin Dynasties,and then analyze the relationship among the Ming Dynasty,Korean and the later Jin Dynasty(Qing Dynasty)embodied in Maoliang at that time.The collection of Maoliang in Korea lasted for a hundred years,which became one of the miscellaneous levies of the Korean people at that time,affected the tax forms of Korea at that time,and had a profound impact on the people’s livelihood of ancient Korea.The first part of this paper analyzes the reasons for the supply of Maoliang in three aspects.First of all,the Ming Dynasty didn’t provide enough military pays and provisions for Mao Wenlong’s forces.The Ming Dynasty ignored the food supply to the Dongjiang town.Besides,there was a great loss in the process of shipping.Moreover,the transit officials took bribes and practised graft.These factors above made the food that Dongjiang town got was far less than the actual supply amount.Second,the Korea,as a vassal state,had a strong sense of belonging to the Ming Dynasty,and its concept of "Ethical Obligations" and the gratitude attitude after the Imjin Waeran prompted the Korea to provide Maoliang to Mao Wenlong’s forces.Third,Korea has its own judgment and balance on the situation in Liaodong district.The rise of later Jin Dynasty is a strong threat to Korea,which made Korea can’t isolate itself from danger,so it supplied food to Dongjiang Town,making it to pin down the later Jin Dynasty as much as possible.The second part shows Maoliang’s collection standard and the changes of the standard,and tracks Maoliang’s transportation.Taking the fall of Dongjiang town as a time node,this part introduces the supply system of Maoliang and Korea’s own utilization,and shows the collection and supply context of Maoliang as comprehensively as possible.In the third part,by sorting out the collection and supply process of Maoliang,we can study the Choson Emperor Guanghai’s “Two-Side Diplmatic” policy and Korea’s concept of "Ethical Obligations" to the Ming Dynasty after King Injo’s taking the throne respectively.Korea supplying Maoliang to Dongjiang town caused strong dissatisfaction with the later Jin Dynasty.In 1626,the later Jin Dynasty launched a war of aggression against Korea,which forced Korea to established diplomatic relations with it.However,this alliance did not interfere with Korea’s providing Maoliang to Mao Wenlong’s forces.In the conflict between diplomatic relations withthe later Jin Dynasty and the concept of "Ethical Obligations" to the Ming Dynasty,the continuous supply of Maoliang reflects that Korea sides with the Ming Dynasty.The fourth part analyzes the impact of the Maoliang’s collection and supply on Korea,which is divided into taxation and people’s livelihood.The collection of Maoliang in Korea lasted for nearly a century,which was an important tax of the Korean people during the reign of emperors from Injo to Yingzhong,and had a certain impact on the tax forms of Korea.Mao Wenlong’s forces once harassed the people of the two western regions of Korea due to the insufficient supply of Maoliang.But after the fall of Dongjiang Town,Maoliang was still continuously collected in Sannan,hwanghedo and other areas,which had a profound impact on the people’s livelihood in Korea.