A Diachronic Study Of Typical Compound Words With Partial Meaning In Classical Chinese

This article mainly uses statistical analysis and historical research methods to investigate the appearance and development of nine compound words with partial meaning in classical Chinese.It combs their historical evolution process from four aspects:the emergence time and retention of biased usage,semantic bias and the way of generation.Afterwards,summarizes their historical development trend,and summarizes the characteristics of the development and evolution in compound words with partial meaning.The article could be subdivided into five chapters:The first chapter is "Introduction".The main contents include:a comprehensive review of the previous studies on compound words with partial meaning,then point out that there is a relative lack of diachronic research on compound words with partial meaning in academic circles,and clarify the research significance of this article;clarify the concept connotation of partial-meaning compound words,divide them into two categories:opposite relative and similarly relative,and then divide the former into three sub-categories:polar opposites,complementary opposites,and reverse opposites,establish the theoretical system of classical Chinese partial-meaning compound words based on this,and take some explanations about the selection standard of the partial-meaning compound words;expounds the research ideas and methods of this paper,and explains the scope of the corpus investigated in this article.From the second chapter to the fourth chapter are the diachronic investigation of various typical compound words with partial meaning in classical Chinese.Based on historical documents,using statistical analysis and historical research methods,the description and interpretation are combined to clarify the appearance time,semantic bias and development of their partial usage.The second chapter studies the typical polar opposite type of partial-meaning compound words,which are "Huanji(Jihuan)"缓急(急缓),"Changduan(Duanchang)"长短(短长),"Lihai"(利害)·The third chapter makes a diachronic study on the two typical complementary opposite partial-meaning compound words,namely,"Yitong(Tongyi)"异同(同异),"Sisheng(Shengsi)"死生(生死)as well as a typical reversed opposite partial-meaning compound word,namely,"Qujiu"(去就).The fourth chapter mainly studies the typical similar related partial-meaning compound words,namely,"Guojia"(国家),"Youhu(Huyou,Chuanghu)"牖户(户牖、窗户),"Ru Mo(Kong Mo/Kong QiuMoDi)"儒墨(孔墨、孔丘墨翟).The fifth chapter is "the conclusions and further discussions about the problem of the partial compound words".The main contents are as follows:Firstly,discuss the phenomenon of neutral word meaning deviation of antonym compound words in depth by the word"Huanji"(缓急),combine case study with systematic study,and point out that it is one of the important ways to generate opposite relative compound words,and clarify the specific implementation process,restrictive conditions,characteristics and essence of this phenomenon.The second is to summarize the historical development of the above-mentioned nine typical partial compound words from four aspects:the emergence of partial compound words,semantic bias,retention,and generation methods.The main conclusions include:(1)In the era of the usage of partial meaning,"Lihai"(利害),"Sisheng(Shengsi)"死生(生死),"Ru Mo(Kong Mo/Kong QiuMoDi)"儒墨(孔墨、孔丘墨翟)appeared in the pre Qin Dynasty,"Huanji(Jihuan)"缓急(急缓),"Changduan(Duanchang)"长短(短长),"Guojia"(国家),"Youhu(Huyou)"牖户(户牖)appeared in the Han Dynasty,"Yitong(Tongyi)"异同(同异),"Qujiu"(去就),"Chuanghu "(窗户)appeared in the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties.(2)In terms of semantic bias,the partial meanings of "Huanji(Jihuan)"缓急(急缓),"Yitong(Tongyi)"异同(同异),"Guojia"(国家),"Youhu(Huyou,Chuanghu)"牖户(户牖、窗户),and "Ru Mo(Kong Mo/Kong QiuMoDi)”儒墨(孔墨、孔丘墨翟)are fixed,while the semantics of "Sisheng(Shengsi)"死生(生死),"Lihai"(利害),"Qujiu"(去就)and "Changduan(Duanchang)"长短(短长)can be biased.(3)As for the retention of partial usages,the partial usages of "Lihai"(利害),"Ru Mo(Kong Mo/Kong QiuMoDi)”儒墨(孔墨、孔丘墨翟),"Youhu(Huyou)"牖户(户牖),"Sisheng(Shengsi)"死生(生死),"Qujiu"(去就)can only be seen in the literature,but the partial usages of "Huanji(Jihuan)"缓急(急缓),"Yitong(Tongyi)"异同(同异),"Changduan(Duanchang)"长短(短长),"Guojia"(国家)and"Chuanghu"(窗户)can be retained.(4)In the way of generating the partial meanings,the similarly related partial compound words form the partial meanings through the semantic loss,while the opposite related partial compound words can also produce the partial meanings through the "Semantic Slant of Compound Antonyms ".Thirdly,based on the diachronic study,this paper sums up the following five characteristics of the development and evolution of the compound words with partial meaning in classical Chinese:(1)Various kinds of partial-meaning compound words are unbalanced in terms of the appearance time of partial meaning usage,the stability of usage,the way of generation,and the distribution of meanings.(2)Compound words with partial meaning are gradual in the process of appearance,development and evolution.(3)There are coexistence and selectivity in word order of compound words with partial meaning.(4)Semantic orientation presents certain regularity.(5)The development of compound words with partial meaning is systematic.The fourth is to elaborate my gain and loss in the research on the problem of the compound words with partial meaning.And I thought one of the causes of partial compound words is to meet the objective needs of verbal communication.and discuss its rich pragmatic value and cultural value,finally,points out the shortcomings of this study.