| At the beginning of ancient Greece,“city” has always been a frequent space in western novels.After the Industrial Revolution,great changes took place in Europe in the 19 th century.Large cities such as Paris,London and Petersburg emerged one after another,and cities became the main space for People’s Daily activities.This change subsequently affected the writing of literature.In the western novels of the 19 th century,urban units such as prisons,courts,churches,streets and schools can be seen everywhere.These spaces are not only the containers in which the stories of the novels take place,but also the fields full of representative meanings.To re-examine the 19 th century western novels from the perspective of spatial theory is a reinterpretation of a new dimension,which is different from the usual interpretation of “typical characters” and “realism”.From an interdisciplinary perspective,this paper through the interaction between space theory and text,elaborates the images of cities in 19 th century Western novels,and interprets the complex relationship between literature and space.This paper is composed of three parts: introduction,text and conclusion.The introduction first sorts out the historical development of western cities and the changes of urban writing in literature,and then lists and discusses the important works about urban writing in western novels in the 19 th century,so as to frame the text scope of this paper.Secondly,it makes a comment on the current research situation of “urban space research in 19 th century western novels” at home and abroad,and puts forward the research methods of this paper.Finally,the significance and research ideas of this paper are explained.The first chapter mainly discusses “the urban space in the space theory and literature”,in the development of the western concept of “space” rheological formation,contemporary space theory,on the basis of reading column aspects.Reading Lefebvre’s English translation,discussion his space theory,probe into the 19 th century the western city of the novel’s unique connection between urban space in reality,To demonstrate the correspondence between Lefebvre’s space theory and urban space research in 19 th century western novels.The second chapter,from the material space,psychological space and social space three dimensions,a general view of the 19 th century western novels of the city face.Firstly,on the material level,through the analysis of the building squares and streets described in the novel,the author thinks that the city is hiding various crises under the appearance of order and rationality.Secondly,the psychological space,pointing out that the novel characters in the psychological activities about class,money and fashion,to build a carnival of desire about the city space;Thirdly,from the perspective of social space,this paper discusses the “humanized city” in spatial practice,and holds that residents will interact with urban space and influence each other when they carry out practical activities,which is mainly manifested in two aspects:“contrastive and inverted heterotopia space” and “class flow in hierarchical space”.The third chapter,based on Lefebvre’s concept of “spatial representation”,argues that power is not only ubiquitous in the process of urban planning,but also produces many oppressive spatial institutions.These institutions are mainly divided into educational space,judicial space and religious space.In the judicial space,the state maintains the basic stability of the society through a set of perfect and strict rules and regulations,while the educational and religious space represented by schools and churches virtually controls and controls the thoughts and behaviors of the residents.Thus,the well-ordered capitalist society can be sustained,stable operation.Through careful reading of the text,we find that even under such constraints,there will still be some rebellious factors,which give the city the possibility of space revolution.The fourth chapter focuses on “urban revolution” and “difference space” on the basis of the above discussion.First of all,in western novels of the 19 th century,revolution often took place in the interior of urban space,and the writers’ writings on urban revolution reflected their views on the revolution.Revolution in daily life may become another way of “urban revolution”.Secondly,taking Notre Dame de Paris as a typical text,the author thinks that the spatial comparison of the city and the residents’ spatial practice in the novel show their struggle for the city rights.Finally,the author points out that the establishment of “space of difference” is also interdependent with the shaping of “whole man” in the works of western novelists in the 19 th century.The epilogue discusses the value and significance of space theory in text study from the perspective of literature and society after the general discussion of this thesis.Novelists in the19 th century in reality city for transcription,experience from their respective cities,urban space shape through literature image,urban space and the character,the class relations,social contradiction,the complex relationship between urban spatial transformation is in close relationship with the people establish a fair and reasonable space at the same time also can’t ignore the “whole man”. |
