Bourgeois Human Rights And Emancipatory Human Rights

Marx’s conception of human rights,as an integral part of Marx’s philosophy of law,has attracted more and more attention from researchers.Scholars have carried out research on the nature of Marx’s conception of human rights on the topic of“Does Marx agree with human rights?”Based on this,they have formed two opposing positions,which provide us with a space to study the internal logic and specific content of Marx’s conception of human rights.Before explaining the specific content of Marx ’s conception of human rights,this article first defines several levels of Marx ’s understanding of “human rights”,which are the actual level(the objective existence of things in reality),the expected level(a state of being that the thing itself should reach),the universal level(the subject and specific content of human rights),the special level(human rights is a historical concept).This lays down the different dimensions of interpreting Marx’s conception of human rights.Secondly,this article makes clear that what Marx criticized was “human rights based on civil society”,not “human rights”itself.The content criticized by Marx includes: first,the specific content of human rights in civil society;second,the subject of human rights in civil society;Thirdly,the limitations of bourgeois political emancipation reflected in the human rights system of civil society.On the basis of criticizing the bourgeois human rights,Marx reconstructed the "human rights based on human emancipation" with "human emancipation" as its goal.Therefore,"criticism" and "reconstruction" constitute the logic and specific content of Marx’s human rights thinking.The "criticism" and "reconstruction" of human rights inherently make Marx’s human rights thinking have overall coherence and consistency.Finally,this article analyzes the realistic conditions for the realization of the "liberated human rights" reconstructed by Marx.With the proletariat as the main condition,the development of productive forces and the elimination of alienation constitute the realistic conditions for the realization of liberated human rights.A correct understanding of Marx’s "criticism" and "reconstruction" of human rights is the key to this article.It is the key to correctly understanding some seemingly contradictory texts.It is also the core of understanding Marx’s conception of human rights.