| During the late 20 th century,there appeared a phenomenon of deindustrialization in many traditional old American industrial cities due to the adjustment of economic structure.A large number of manufacturing plants moved from the central cities to the suburbs or overseas,leaving a lot of areas of industrial wasteland in the central cities.Since the 1980 s,the United States began to pay attention to the environmental remediation of brownfields,and emerged a brownfield redevelopment movement in the next decade.Baltimore,one of 16 Brownfield Showcase Communities in the Brownfields National Partnership Action Agenda.The successful development of Baltimore’s Inner Harbor has even become one of the early leading projects in the brownfield remediation and redevelopment movement of the old industrial areas along the waterfront.The successful remediation and redevelopment of brownfield in Baltimore shows the importance of multiple cooperation in the process of brownfield remediation and redevelopment,as well as in the process of development adhere to local conditions and the necessity of sustainable development.From the middle of the 19 th century,Baltimore’s manufacturing industry entered a “golden age”,especially the development of metal manufacturing,which made Baltimore become one of the important manufacturing cities in the United States.Since the mid-20 th century,however,the economy of the United States has been restructured,and with it,Baltimore’s economy has changed dramatically.Deindustrialization has taken hold,and many manufacturing plants have closed or moved overseas.In addition,the process of suburbanization that began in the 1950 s also accelerated the decline of manufacturing in downtown Baltimore.After the closure or relocation of factories in the center of the Baltimore city left a piece of and a piece of brown,that will not only hurt the palm to the surrounding community environment,health impact on the lives of the residents,also makes the community property values fell,and even affect the center city tax,further exacerbating the urban blight.However,remediation and redevelopment of brownfields are also important opportunities to revitalize the central city.The successful remediation and redevelopment of brownfields can not only restore the surrounding environment,but also protect urban green space and open space,and even improve the value of surrounding real estate and re-stimulate the economic vitality of the city.After the Love Canal Tragedy in 1978,the federal government became concerned about the problems associated with industrial wasteland.In 1980,the Congress promulgated the “Superfund Act” as the main legal basis for the treatment of industrial waste land,which started the process of brownfield remediation in the United States.The law imposes strict environmental responsibility requirements.In order to raise the national attention to brownfield remediation,the federal government of the United States and the Environmental Protection Agency,the main agency authorized brownfield remediation,have made a series of efforts.After the introduction of the “the Federal Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfield Revitalization Act” in 2002,brownfield remediation not only has an independent remediation fund,but also devolves brownfield remediation power from the federal to local governments,which has aroused the interest of brownfield remediation around the country.Starting in the 1990 s,U.S.states began to develop voluntary cleanup programs.In 1997,Maryland began to implement voluntary cleanup programs to simplify the process of brownfield clean-up and provide environmental responsibility protection for developers and lenders,etc.Subsequently,it also promulgated local laws and policies on brownfield and took the remediation and redevelopment of brownfield as an important part of the smart growth of cities.Baltimore brownfield remediation and redevelopment has achieved great results and become a “Cinderella city”.There are many factors for the success of brownfield remediation and redevelopment in this city,and these factors are also valuable experiences for us to learn from.First,there’s the diversity of cooperation,the federal government working closely with local governments,the government working closely with private and nonprofit organizations.Secondly,following the principle of sustainable development,the remediation and redevelopment of brownfield should not only promote the sustainable development of the environment,but also drive the sustainable development of urban economy.Finally,we adhere to the principle of adapting measures to local conditions.As a port city,Baltimore’s old industrial areas are mostly located in the port,so the focus of the brownfield remediation and redevelopment of the city is on waterfront historical industrial estate.The successful remediation and redevelopment of the city’s inner port area makes Baltimore a model for the development of waterfront historical industrial estate. |
