| Most of the time in the history,Yili River valley was the stage for activity of northwest various nomadic.In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties,the Junggar Department of the Erut Mongol rose from the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains,and moved its political and economic center to the Yili River Valley.The policy of encouraging the development of agriculture led to the rapid development of agriculture in the valley area,which was originally suitable for farming and pasturing,and became an important material foundation for the prosperity of the Junggar Ministry,as well as a prelude to the tonden of Yili in the Qing Dynasty.In the 25th year of Qianlong(1760),the Qing Dynasty calmed down Junggar and occupied Yili.In view of the practical lessons of repeated insurgency of Jungar and other departments,and in order to fight against the Tsarist forces and consolidate the northwest frontier,the Qing Dynasty changed the original placatory policy and adopted a military system called Junfu System to manage Xinjiang.In order to settle inland immigrants,administrative departments was set up.Yili officers and men first built small castles and built big cities.As the inland immigrants continued to increase,new cities were expanded.Finally,an agricultural landscape with nine-cities,numerous castles and extensive farmland was formed on the north bank of Yili river.The locations of the nine-cities of Yili,which were established on the basis of the former nomadic "Military Tent" zone,was affected by many environmental factors.First,they were close to tonden irrigation channel to promote the development and effective management of tonden activities.Second,they were close to the Yili River and its tributaries to meet the urban water needs of officials and citizens,and developed inland navigation to promote the development of the cities and the use of urban functions.Third,they were close to the forest source to obtain the wood and fuelwood needed to build the cities.Fourth,they were close to coal producing areas to obtain stable fuels,met residents'needs,and promoted the development of other industries.Not only were the locations of the cities adapted to the geographical environment of the Yili River Valley,the spatial forms of the cities were also deeply affected by the water environments.Due to the overflow of the Yili River,it was difficult to collect the surface water in the highland of the north bank,and it was difficult to extract the groundwater due to the high salinity,and it was not suitable for drinking.For these reasons,many canals were dug to divert water into the cities and then into the home,and the city channels were all over the streets and lanes.This was not only an innovative method of urban water use,but also a reluctant move that people had to transform and adapt to the environments,and it also influenced and shaped the spatial form of the nine-cities of Yili.The officials and citizens of the nine-cities of Yili must use the water of the Yili River to maintain their survival and development.However,at the same time,they must actively respond to the negative impact brought by the Yili River.The Yili River belongs to the iceberg melt water-recharge and precipitation-recharge river,and the replenishment periods overlap.Therefore,during the flood season,the runoff was large and the flow was rapid,which continuously eroded the highlands on the north bank of the river and seriously threatened the safety of Huiyuan City.Starting from the last few years of the reign of Qianlong,the generals of Yili in all past times viewed building dikes to block water and protecting the city walls as important engineering tasks until the destruction of Huiyuan City.The establishment and development of the nine-cities of Yili witnessed that the officers,soldiers and citizens of Yili actively adapted to the environments,transformed the environment and continued to adapt to the changes of the environments in the Qing dynasty. |
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