Research On The Circulation Of Kampo Medical Records In China During The Republic Of China

Although cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries have existed since long time ago,the transformation of the situation from contact to conflict dates back to the 1840s.Against the background of the cultural gap between China and foreign countries becoming more and more obvious,China began to accept the input and spread of western culture in a passive way after the Opium War.Until the period of the Republic of China,the input of foreign culture reached an unprecedented level,especially after the New Culture Movement,western academic theories flooded into China,of which the introduction of medical theories was an important part.During the period of the Republic of China,many Western Medical works spread in China were translated from Japan.During the time,Japan was in the period of Taisho and Showa.After a series of reformation in Meiji Restoration,Western Medicine had already become the mainstream medicine in Japanese society at that time.Since the end of Meiji Period,with the attention of Japanese medical community and government to the curative effect ofKampo herbs,traditional Kampo Medicine began to revive quietly.At the beginning of the revival,most works of Kampo Medicine integrated Western Medical theories and publicized the academic points of Kampo Medicine.These medical works were valued by the Traditional Chinese Medicine scholars and began to be introduced during the Republic of China,then widely spread in the field of Traditional Chinese Medicine.At present,there are many researches on Kampo Medicine at home and abroad,b-ut there are still few researches on the publication and circulation of Kampo Medical works in the period of the Republic of China.This research uses the methods of phi 1-ology and bibliography to study the characteristics of compilation,distribution and cir-culation of Kampo Medical works introduced and published during the period of the Republic of China,so as to clarify its influence on the development and innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine,and then provides a useful reference for today’s research of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Kampo Medicine.Firstly,this research defines the concepts of publishing place,publishing time,author,literature form and literature type,so as to clarify the research target and delimit the research scope,and then comprehensively sort out the current situation of the Kampo Medical works published in the Republic of China.The information of Kampo medical works published in the Republic of China is mainly based on Zhongguo Zhongyi Guji Zongmu,comparing to the information recorded in the National Library,the Capital Library,the library of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and the library of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,referring to the record of Great Dictionary of Chinese Medical Books and National Union Catalog of Chinese Medical Books,as well as the works’ circulation situation among folks recorded on the Kongfuzi website.We finally calculated out that there are 165 kinds and 322 editions of Kampo Medical works published in the Republic of China,which are divided into 11 categories.The publication situation of representative Kampo Medical works is discuss-ed in "Subject classification of Kampo Medical works published in the Republic of China" and "Editors classification of Kampo Medical works published in the Republic of China",in order to clarify the publication characteristics and lay foundation for the follow-up research.On the basis of a comprehensive grasp of the information of currently existing Kampo Medical works published in the Republic of China,this study summarizes the compilation characteristics of Kampo Medical works published in this period from two aspects:the characteristics of the author and the characteristics of the translator.The authors are mainly divided into general medical works’authors,acupuncture works’authors and health preserving medical works’authors.Statistics show that the authors of general medical books are mainly belong the School of Compromising of Kampo Medicine and Ancient Formula Sect of Chinese Medicine.Among the School of Compromising of Kampo Medicine,Tanba Yuan Jane,Tanba Motokata and Asada Sōhaku have the most kinds of medical works published,while among the Ancient Formula Sect of Chinese Medicine,Yoshimasu Todo has the most kinds of medical works published.In terms of age,the total number of medical works written by classical authors is obviously more than that of modern authors.The authors of acupuncture works mainly belong to Sugiyamaryu and Damamoriyu.The number of acupuncture works published by classical authors is obviously less than that of modern authors.The works of health preserving medical works belong to two main schools of meditation:Fujitayuand Okadayu.The number of works published by modern health preserving authors is far more than that of classical health preserving authors.In terms of the characteristics of translators,there are a large number of translators who published Kampo Medical works in the Republic of China,among which Ding Fubao translated the most Kampo Medical works,followed by Liu Renhang and Shen Songnian.Through the investigation of the life stories of three translators,it can be seen that they all had contact with Japanese people,all born in Jiangsu and Zhejiang,and all had high medical and literary attainments.These factors provide the sufficient premises for the smooth progress of their translation work.The distribution characteristics of Kampo Medical works published in the Republic of China are mainly explored from the aspects of edition characteristics and publisher characteristics.The editions characteristics are discussed from three aspects:reprint of a single edition,different editions of the same book and different translations of the same original.We can see that among the reprinted Kampo Medical works in the period of the Republic of China,the health preserving medical works attracted most public attention,followed by the Kampo materia medica works and clinical medical works.Compared with the classical Kampo Medical works,the reprint time of modern Kampo Medical works in the period of the Republic of C hina was obviously superior.Among the different versions of Kampo Medical works published in the period of the Republic of China,the works on Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber and medical history works are the most concerned,and the types of classical Kampo Medical works are far more than those of modern Kampo Medical works.In addition,many Chinese versions of Kampo Medicine were published during the period of the Republic of China,such as Kampo Medicine,Experimental Collection of Oriental and Chinese Medicine,Explanation of Clinical Application of Kampo Medicine,and Essentials of Syndrome Differentiation of Kampo Medicine.The characteristics of publishers are mainly discussed from the publishers’ nature and publishers’types.In terms of the publishers’ nature,medical works published by publishing institutions accounted for the largest proportion,followed by the works published by associations,public institutions,individuals or individual units,and unknown publishers.In terms of the publishers’ type,comprehensive publishing institutions published the most medical works,followed by Traditional Chinese Medical publishing institutions,and comprehensive medical publishing institutions accounted for the least.This research also discusses the publishing year and regional distribution of Kampo Medical works published during the period of the Republic of China.The distribution of publishing year is closely related to the social background of China and Japan.From the end of the Qing Dynasty to the beginning of the Republic of China,the representative works of modern Kampo Medicine,such as the Iron Hammer of the Medical Field,the Kampo Medical Classics,and some modern Kampo health preserving works introduced into China together with the Western Medical works.Through the translation of translators such as Ding Fubao and Liu Renhang,they were widely spread in China.There are also a small number of classical Kampo Medical works introduced into China,but the publication scale is relatively scattered,which has not aroused widespread attention in the field of Traditional Chinese Medicine.With the outbreak of the case of abolishing Traditional Chinese Medicine in 1929,the publication of Kampo Medical books unexpectedly reached a peak in China.There are two reasons to explain this:First,the Traditional Chinese Medicine circles want to take modern Kampo Medicine as the paradigm of traditional medicine’s innovation,seek the scientific innovation path of Traditional Chinese Medicine,and then respond to the criticism of the TCM abolishment group;Second,people with lofty ideals want to take the revival cases of Kampo Medicine as a model,they introduced and published representative works of Kampo Medicine,so as to revive the morale of domestic colleagues.The 1930s was the peak period for the publication of Kampo Medical works in China.In addition to the representative original works of the Japanese,there were also series works of Kampo Medicine compiled by the Chinese.Kampo Medical Series is a typical representative.In 1940s,with the outbreak of the Sino Japanese War,the upsurge of the publication of Kampo Medical works came to an end.During this period,the number of Kampo medical works published in China dropped sharply.At the end of the 1940s,the total amount of publications had a slight upward trend,but it was far less than the total amount at its peak.Among the Kampo Medical works published in the Republic of China,Shanghai accounted for the largest proportion,followed by Zhejiang,Liaoning and Sichuan,which was closely related to the prosperous economy and culture,convenient transportation and the booming publishing industry of Shanghai in the Republic of China.The publication of Kampo Medical works during the period of the Republic of China had a farreaching impact on the Traditional Chinese Medicine field,especially some representative works of Kampo Medicine,such as Kampo medicine,the Iron Hammer of the Medical Field,and Experimental Collection of Oriental and Chinese Medicine,were widely spread and aroused heated discussion in the Traditional Chinese Medicine field.These works not only provided inspiration and guidance for the Traditional Chinese Medicine’s academic innovation and advancement,but also promoted the revival and development of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Republic of China.The spread of Kampo Medicine during the period of the Republic of China had an important influence on the formation of the academic theories of Chinese Medical doctors.Lu Yuanlei,Ye Juquan and Cheng Dan An were the three doctors who were greatly influenced by the academic concept of Kampo Medicine during the period of the Republic of China.On the basis of absorbing the academic essence of the School of Compromising of Kampo Medicine and Ancient Formula Sect of Chinese Medicine,LuYuanlei integrated the Yun’s ideas of confluencing Chinese and Western Medical theories and the academic viewpoints of the doctors in Qing Dynasty,and formed an academic system of Chinese and Western Medical confluence with positivist characteristics.Ye Juquan was influenced by the modern Kampo Medical research,the Ancient Formula Sect of Chinese Medicine’s academic concept of "relative theory of formulas and syndromes" and Kampo Medicine’s abdominal treatment,forming the academic system confluencing the theories of Chinese and Western,combining medicine and syndrome and coherenting methods of diagnosis and treatment.Cheng has paid attention to the study and reference of modern Japanese acupuncture theoretical research,the methods of acupuncture and moxibustion and the design concept of Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion apparatus.On the basis of inheriting the traditional academic theories of acupuncture and moxibustion,he learned the essence of modern acupuncture and moxibustion and made innovations,in order to make great contribution to the development and innovation of acupuncture and moxibustion in China.The spread of modern Kampo Medical academic thought in the Republic of China has a certain guiding significance for the formation of modern Chinese Medical schools,especially the Classic Prescription School and Chengjiang Acupuncture School.The academic viewpoints of the Ancient Formula Sect of Chinese Medicine,such as stressing the evidence and belittling the theory,and the propositions of "Monism" and "relative theory of formulas and syndromes",had a significant impact on the formation and construction of the academic system of the Classic Prescription School in the period of the Republic of China.The modern Japanese acupuncture scientific theories,the methods of acupuncture and moxibustion,as well as the improvement and innovation of acupuncture and moxibustion apparatus have great inspiration to the academic views of Chengjiang Acupuncture School,the most representative acupuncture school in the Republic of China.