Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine In The Republic Of China (1912-1949)

This thesis studies the development history of Beijing TCM in the Republic of China, the main contents are as follows:1. Medical management:The struggle against abolishing TCM in the Northern Warlords Government period.The time limit of Northern Warlords Government is from 1912—1928.In the period the personages of Beijing TCM struggled against abolishing TCM for many times. The influential conflict was caused by the educational policy of the Northern Warlords Government in 1913—1914 . In the conflict, the personages of Beijing TCM struggled against Yu Yan who was opposing TCM . At that time Beijing was the main battlefield, the imperial phycicans, the other well-known TCM physicians and the old ministers who loved the TCM in late Qing Dynasty were main soldiers.They played important role.The conflict opposing the Bill of Abolishing TCM in Nanking National Government period. This period was from 1928 to the beginning of the War of Anti-japanese. Through the struggle, Beijing TCM developed quickly. The crew of TCM increased continuously. TCM had extensive application. TCM education moved towards regularly. Many TCM magazines were published, TCM academic groups increased.TCM medicine examination in the Republic of China period. Beijing TCM examination experienced three stages:the national examination in earlier period in the Republic of China and during the period of Anti-japanese War, unique national examination after the War. Through the examination,many TCM physicians' level had been examined,and the youth studied harder than before. It had important meaning to the development of TCM. 2. TCM TreatmentThe main characteristics of TCM treatment. The number of TCM hospitals was obviously less then that of western medicine hospitals, but TCM physicians were obviously more than that of western medicine'sThe TCM physicians mainly serviced in clinics which were beside avenues and in lanes in Beijing.The statistics showed that the ratio of physicians of TCM and Western Medicine was about 8:1. The mass would like to accept TCM treatment, many patients went to see TCM doctors. TCM treatment occupied 80% of medical treatment in Beijing.TCM organization. In the period of the Republic of China, there were 3 TCM hospitals:Yang Hao Ru TCM hospital.Sun Zi Yun TCM hospital and the affiliated hospital of national medical institute of North China. The scales of these hospitals were small. In these hospitals physicians also often worked as pharmaceutists and nurses. In three hospitals the biggest was Yang Hao Yu TCM hospital, it was the first private TCM hospital in the Republic of China in Beijing, it mainly serviced for the poor, emphasized on refining herbs and treatment of mental disease.TCM physicians worked in Western Medical Hospitals. Because there were many TCM physicians in Beijing, some Western Medicine Hospitals invited TCM physicians for medical service, thus some well-known TCM physicians worked in Western Medical Hospitals. Then medical exchange between Western and Chinese Medicine increased. In the period of the Republic of China, in Moslem Hospital and the government Hospital, TCM physicians played very import role.Role of TCM in prevention of epidemic diseases. Epidemic diseases frequently outbreak in the Republic of China. The TCM physicians worked as full-time or part-time doctors in Beijing Infectious Diseases Hospital in the early time of the Republic of China.They were main force to prevent and cure epidemic diseases. The medical team which was mainly composed of TCM physicians went into zone of epidemic diseases in Lang Fang and effectively controlled plague and cholera. Many TCM physicians played important role in prevention and treatment of epidemic diseases and many experts appeared. Some TCM theses had been published in magazines.The development of TCM clinical sections: In the period of the Republic of China,eachTCM clinical section developed quickly, the TCM medical department was the most famous department, the four most well-known physicians were all in this department, their students were numerous, and they also worked in TCM medical department.Kong Bo Hua> Zhao Wen Kui and Zhang Ju Ren were good at treating asthea fever diseases.Shi Jin Mo and Yang Hao Yu advocated combining TCM with western medicine in treating diseases. Surgical department of TCM also developed very quickly, the most famous TCM surgeons were Ding Qing Sham Duan Fu Ting^ Fang Xing Qiao. They all had their own groups. Among them Ding Qing Shan was the most prestigious.The Gynecological Department of TCM had also been developed, the influential doctors were Guan Yue Po and Liu Fu Ting. In Pediatric Department, the well-known doctors were Yang Yi Nong and Wang Zi Zong. The Acupuncture and Moxibustion department also developed very quickly, the influential doctors were called "South Wang"(Wang Lue Ting)and "North Hu"(Hu Yin Pei). In the Orthopedic and MassageDepartment Xia Xi Wu was very famous .He was the heritor of Shang Si Yuan Chuo Ban and he had some well-known students, Moreover Ophthalmology and Tumor Department of TCM gradually developed, too contained branch embryo. 3.TCM EducationThe Education of Teacher Teach Apprentice. The Education of Teacher Teach Apprentice was a kind of main educational form in ancient TCM, it occupied predominate position before the Republic of China. Its form had four kinds: turn to medical apprentice from the Chinese medicinal herb apprentice; turn to medical apprentice from the art apprentice; direct learn from teacher; inherited in the family with teacher.The education had educated many well-known TCMs for the Republic of China, for TCM education provided the precious experience.Beiping TCM College.The college was established sccessfuly by Xiao Long You, Kong Bo Hua and Shi Jin Mo.The students were divided into three kinds of classes,the class of study, medicine and prepareation in the college. Four years in educational system, the students graduated to heel teacher learn a year.The college requested the students who entered college after registering for examination, having finished senior high school or the equal educational background, in addition to Beiping examinee, still had Tianjin, Shanghai, Shandong,etc.The college appointed well-known TCMs Teaches to work at that time.The course established outstanded TCM special features, made a point of the Traditional Teaching, and established a little amount Wester Medicine lessons and special subject academic chairs. In 1944 college was closed down because did not wish be drived by the Japanese and Traitors Goernment.The college lasted 15 years, backlogged abundant TCM teaching and management experience. Many college students of the earlier period became the framework of TCM school, college , hospital and study unit after the college was closed and liberation.North China TCM College. North China TCM College was established another TCM College by Shi Jin Mo and others well-known TCMs , after the Beijing TCM College was established successfully. The college recruited annually a period, the examinee must have senior high school or equal educational backgrounds, four years in educational system, the examinee comes from Beijing, Tianjin, Jahae etc, still recruited parts of girls.Insisting scientific TCM, promoting Combination of TCM with Western Medicine, valuing the medical ethics educateion, making a point of the theories combinate with practice was main special features of college. In the college teaching , Western Medicine Teaching was laid stress point on too, the courses of TCM and Western Medicine a ratio of about seven to three. It was a TCM college of the longest time during the period Republic of China in Beijing, from being createdsuccessfully to teaching transformtion, continuing 18 years.Beijing Medical Science Seminar. Beijing Medical Science Seminar was an amateur medical science night school,it was established by Beijing well—knownTCM Wang Fang Chun. The seminar recruited large quantity students, producing the certain influence in the region of Beijing. At that time in large quantity well-known TCM such as Qou Ji Wu,Zhao Shu Ping and Zhang Ju Ren teached in the seminar,these produced certain positive effect for TCM development. 4.TCM magazineChina Medical Monthly was created in June 15, 1940. It was stopped publication December in 1943, publishing the magazine totally 41 volumes. The magazine was sponsoried in Beijing and published to whole country. The China Medical Monthly was the position propagated the TCM theories and experience. The magazine extended influence of the Beijing TCM in the whole nation and outward exchange.Beijing TCM Monthly was the precursor of Beijing TCM now. It was published January in 1939 and stopped November in 1939. The magazine published large quantity contain higher scholarship level research article, spreads some TCM information and medicine ordinance, introduced the fulfillment experience of parts of TCM professionals.Guo Yi Di Zhu(TCM Mainstay) was a magazine of TCM publication in Beijing. It was started in 1937, and issued to the whole nation in the Republic of China. It has been issued 73 volumes and published 12 years, stopped December in 1948. Starting and long-term publication of magazine were inspire and guide to the TCM professionals and enlarged the effect of TCM to whole China and world.Seek Truth from TCM was a Beijing magazine. It was establish September in 1941, stopped publication October in 1941, issued only two period. It was one of the most short magazines of time in the Republic of China. 5. TCM GroupBeijing Medical Institution was the longest history and the most influential TCM academic group,Beijing TCM had a 3-stage history in Beijing in period the Republic of China. In 1920s, it was set up and organized by the imperial physicians and compiled Yi Tong Zheng Mai (Orthodox Medical Heritage)and the history of imperial physicians in the Qing Dynasty. In 1930s, the member of its members and achievements reach its zenith.lt started to publish China Medical Monthly,compied TCM books and extended its influence nationwide.In the 1940s, it was renamed China Medicine Reseach Association, then join the Intemationl Science Organization.After that it adopted many academic activities and exchanged many valuable articles. These...