From Conservation To Flexibility: Cotton Cloth Collection And Cotton Tax In Xinjiang In The Middle And Late Qing Dynasty

After emperor Qianlong's defeat of Xinjiang in the middle period of Qing dynasty,he was faced with the task of restoring the production and consolidating the border defense of Yili and other places in northern Xinjiang.In this context,this paper takes the collection and transportation of Huibin the problems existing in the collection of transportation,and the disputes on tax setting after the commercialization development as the entry point,so as to explore the changes of the Q ing dynasty's governance strategies for Xinjiang in the mid-18th and 19th centuries.Based on the analysis of relevant Qing dynasty archives such as the First Historical Archives of China and the national Palace Museum in Taipei,The author believes that the cotton cloth of southern Xinjiang had played an important role in the economic and military fields of Xinjiang.Although the Qing dynasty implemented the policy of "governing the north and governing the south",the support of human and economic resources in the south to the north was not negligible.At the same time the author also found that the prevalence of cloth in the Qing dynasty horse trading instability,and maintain the southern Xinjiang cotton,cotton north Ili,tal Bach in places such as cost,unbalanced development and policy towards this region,the local people with a large economic burden,intensified the social contradictions,to a certain extent,and has attracted the attention of the Qing court and reform.With the spread of the chaos of Dzungar Khanate,the traditional cotton growing areas of Xinjiang,such as kashgar,declined relatively,while the eastern cities of Turpan and Kashgar flourished with the influx of immigrants from the interior during the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods.To some extent,the shift of the center of gravity of the cotton growing region also reflects the strengthening of the connection between Xinjiang's economy and the inland economy,while the west's external connection is relatively declining due to various reasons.Through the dispute over the establishment of cotton tax in Turpan,we found that the border administration policy of the Qing dynasty changed from "remaining successful" to flexible.In order to make up for the lack of finance,commercial wealth was developed.In a word,the discussion of cotton,cotton cloth and cotton tax provides some useful evidences for us to understand the increasingly flexible and localized strategies of Xinjiang governance in the middle and late Qing dynasty.