On Nishida Kitaro's "consciousness"

Kitaro Nishida(1870-1945)is the true founder of Japanese philosophy and the founder of Kyoto School,"Nishida philosophy" is the most original philosophy in Japan,which combines the Eastern thought and western philosophy resources.To this day,Nishida philosophy has become a prominent study of Japanese philosophy,occupying a very high academic position.In 1911,Nishida published the study of goodness,which laid the foundation of Nishida’s philosophy."Pure experience" as the starting point of his philosophy,is the Western Philosophical Expression of the realm that Nishida obtained through meditation in intuition,which means a state of consciousness that "the subject and the object are not separated,and knowledge and its object are completely integrated".However,the position of "pure experience" has also been criticized by the academic community.For example,Takahashi Rimei pointed out the fuzziness,contradiction and polysemy of the concept of "pure experience" in "the fact and significance of the phenomenon of consciousness.In response to these questions,Nishida realized that it was necessary to find a logic for "pure experience" to explain how the "pure experience" which was not divided between the subject and the object split up and produce the opposition between the subject and the object.With the help of Fichte’s concept of "pure activity"(Tathandlung),Nishida interprets the development structure of "pure experience" as the development structure of "selfconsciousness",so as to explain the combination of "value and existence","meaning and fact" in epistemology of Neo-Kantian.He integrated Bergson’s "intuition" and Neo-Kantian ’s "introspection" from the root.These research results are reflected in his second major work intuition and introspection in consciousness.With the method of Oriental essentiality and the resources of western philosophy,Nishida made a deep thinking on reality(existence),which had the distinctive characteristics of Oriental epistemology,and evaluated and criticized the schools and theories of western philosophy since modern times,among them,we can see that the philosophy of Nishida surpasses the philosophy of continental Europe in some aspects and has high academic value.Based on intuition and introspection in consciousness,this paper tries to clarify the formation,essence and significance of the concept of consciousness,examines the philosophical meaning of the most important concepts of "intuition" and "introspection" in "consciousness",analyzes the internal logic of "pure experience" through "consciousness",and reveals the purport of "self-identity" and "internal transcendence" in "consciousness" philosophy.Finally,through the ultimate stand of " conscientious" philosophy,that is,starting from "absolute free will",this paper points out the internal inevitability of the transformation from " conscientious" to "place logic",and discusses the thinking of life,world outlook,and the relationship between spirit and material through the stand of "absolute free will".This paper is divided into three parts: introduction,main part and conclusion.The introduction part mainly introduces the purpose and significance of the research,combs the research status and literature review at home and abroad,indicates the content and methods of the research,and explains the text and the related concepts such as "consciousness" in advance.There are four chapters in main part.The first chapter is the formation of the concept of "consciousness".It discusses the essence of "pure experience" and the transformation from "pure experience" to "consciousness".It focuses on the meaning of "consciousness" and explains the real meaning of "intuition is introspection ".In the second chapter,as the "consciousness" of logic,it mainly discusses the unity of thinking and logic,and as the "unifier".It focuses on the consciousness of logic and the logic of consciousness.The third chapter discusses the problem of self-identity in Nishida ’s "consciousness",focusing on the text to explain the identity of existence and action,the identity of consciousness and experience,and the identity of time,especially from the past and the present,the continuity and the limit,and the part and the whole.This chapter is also one of the themes of this paper.The fourth chapter is about the inner transcendence of consciousness,which is the difficulty of this paper.Based on the concept of absolute free will,this chapter studies the world from the perspective of free will of Nishida,and explains the relationship between consciousness of Nishida and the place logic of Philosophy in the middle period,it also explains the internal inevitability of the transformation from "consciousness" to "place logic" of the philosophy in the middle period of Nishida.On the basis of summing up the research content of the main part,through the position of "absolute free will",the conclusion part briefly states the thinking on life,world outlook and the relationship between spirit and material,etc.and added some of my personal miscellaneous thoughts about the domestic research of the philosophy of Nishida.