The Situation And Challenges Of The New-generation Women: The Choice Between Care And Work

The aging population is becoming more and more serious,leading to an increase in the demand for elderly care.Affected by traditional gender culture,women are often responsible for elderly family care,and most women are still working age.The impact of elderly family care on female employment and wage has always been one of the focuses of social policy and researchers.In the absence of social policy support,women will face many difficulties and challenges if they want to balance family care and work.Especially for the new-generation women,they have experienced rapidly social and economic development,changes in family structure and transformation of intergenerational relationships.Compared with traditional generations,they have fewer siblings,increased education,and increased employment opportunities,It may lead to changes in women's willingness to care and employment,which may lead to differences in the impact of elderly family care on women's labor market outcomes.Therefore,this paper uses the China Health Nutrition Survey(CHNS)data from 1997 to 2015,and uses the Probit model,instrumental variable method,panel fixed effect model,and Stochastic Frontier Analysis to analyze impact of family care on female labor market outcomes,and has the caregiving penalty declined over time? Are the new-generation women doing better than their predecessors?.That is,whether there is a difference in the relationship between the new-generation and the traditional generation women's elderly care and labor market outcomes.this paper mainly discusses the following four issues:(1)the impact of elderly family care on female labor market outcomes,including labor participation,weekly working hours and wage;(2)Whether there is cohort difference in the impact of family elderly care on female labor market outcomes;(3)Heterogeneity analysis;(4)The impact of elderly family care on the efficiency wages of female employees,and cohort differences.The study found that: First,caring for the elderly has a significant "punishment effect" on female labor participation,and high-intensity care has a greater negative impact on labor participation;this negative impact has significant generational differences,that is,The “punishment effect”of newgeneration women caregiver is greater.Second,caring for the elderly has a significant negative impact on female working hours;and for the new generation of women,the "punishment effect" of caring for the elderly on working hours is greater.Third,caring for the elderly has a significant "punishment effect" on wage income,but this effect has no significant cohort differences.Fourth,women in different family care resources have different impacts on the performance of their labor market in caring activities.When family care resources are abundant,caring for the elderly has no significant impact on the female labor market outcomes;When there are few resources for family care,the “punishment effect” is greater,and there are cohort differences.That is,traditional cohort female caregivers suffer greater employment punishment,and new generations women caregivers suffer greater "punishment effect" on working hours.Fifth,caring for the elderly has a significant positive effect on the women's inefficient wages,that is,caring for the elderly will increase the women's inefficient wages,that is,it is more difficult for the workers caring for the elderly to reach the theoretical maximum wage;The effect of caring for the elderly on efficiency wages also changes with time.Compared with the females of the old cohort,the females of the new cohort have a greater negative impact on their efficiency wages when they take responsibility of the elderly family care.The main innovations of this study are as follows:(1)Many literatures have studied the impact of family care on the employment and wage income of female caregivers,but few studies have analyzed whether this effect has changed over time,especially,it is quite rare to use panel data to quantify the empirical analysis of the above-mentioned effects of cohort differences.This article uses panel data to examine whether the “punishment effect” of elderly family care has changed over time.Are the new cohort women doing better than their predecessors?.This study is the first to reveal whether there is a difference in the relationship between the new cohort and the traditional cohort women's elderly care and labor market outcomes.(2)From the perspective of efficiency wages,examine the impact of family elderly care on wages.Use Stochastic Frontier Analysis to analyze the difference between the actual salary and the theoretical salary of female employees with the same human capital endowment,and further analyze whether the difference between is affected by factors such as family aged care,occupation,etc.,to test whether the wages of female employees who provide family care are more difficult to reach the theoretical wage level.