Characteristics Of Peer Protection Behaviors And Their Relationship With Social Standards And Social Support Among Middle School Students Who Were Bullied At School

Background: In recent years,the frequent bullying incidents in primary and middle schools not only have a serious impact on students' physical and mental health,but also restrict the construction of safe campus.Defenders play an active role in the participation of bullying.Studies have shown that defending can reduce and alleviate the injury of bullied students,improve their psychological adjustment ability,and effectively reduce the occurrence of subsequent bullying.According to the theory of social ecosystem,individual behavior is influenced by members of microsystems such as peers,teachers,and parents,to understand the characteristics of defending of middle school students and related factors can lay a foundation for the prevention and treatment of school bullying and the establishment of related courses.Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the proportion and characteristics of defending of middle school students who witnessed campus bullying,and to explore the relationship between norms of denfending among peers?teachers and parents,social support and defending and its internal influence mechanism.Methods: The cluster sampling method was used to select 1513 students of grades 7-9from 3 middle schools in Qingdao as the participants.The instruments used were a Demographic Variables Questionnaire,Olweus Bullying Questionnaire,Social Norms Questionnaire,Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale and the Defending Behaviors Scale.SPSS26.0 software was used to input,collate and analyze the collected data,the applied statistical methods include descriptive statistics,chi-square test,independent sample t-test,variance analysis,statistical effect analysis,Pearson product correlation analysis,regression analysis and so on.Results: 1.49.06% of middle school students had observed bullying,and 85.34% had done defending,among them,69.09%,83.25% and 55.42% of the students who report to authority,help and comfort,and solution-focused respectively.89.66% of the girls and81.61% of the boys engaged in defending,and the proportion of the girls was significantly higher than that of the boys.The rate of defending in grade 7,grade 8 and grade 9 was 83.21%,87.24% and 84.33% respectively.There was no significant difference in the rate of defending in different grades.2.There was no significant gender/grade difference in the total frequency of reporting to authority,helping and comforting the victim,solution-focused and defending.The students who served as class leaders did more to report to authority,help and comfort the victims of bullying,solution-focused and defending than the students who did not serve as class leaders.Students who suffered verbal and relational bullying were significantly more likely to engage in defending than those who did not.3.Experience of relational bullying,peer norm,peer support and parent support can positively predict defending of middle school students.4.Parent support played a moderating role between parent norm and defending,as well as between teacher norm and defending.In the case that the parent support for middle school students was relatively low,parent norm was not significantly related to their defending,neither was teacher norm;when the parent support was relatively high,defending increased with the increase of parent norm,on the contrary,defending decreased with the increase of teacher norm.Teacher support played a moderating role between the teacher norm and the defending of middle school students.In the case of a relatively low level of teachers' support,defending decreased with the increase of teacher norm;when the level of teacher support was relatively high,the teacher norm was not significant related to their defending.Conclusion: The results show that 85.34% of middle school students defend.Class leader is a group that has more defending,and can play an important role in the process of school bullying prevention.Peer norm,peer support and parent support are related to defending of middle school students.In the process of school bullying prevention and control education,teenagers can be guided to form peer norm against school bullying,to protect bullied peers,and to actively mediate the bullied and the victim relationship.Through home-school communication and cooperation,parents and teachers form a unified standard about defending,and guide students to make safe and strategic defending within their own ability.In the school bullying prevention and control education and related curriculum,we can increase the content related to the consciousness and strategy of defending,and guide students to do safe,positive and effective defending,to play an important role in the prevention and treatment of school bullying,so as to effectively reduce the occurrence of school bullying.