Relative Deprivation,Uneven Opportunity And Subjective Well-Being Of Residents

Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up,China's social and economic development has been stable and healthy,and the quality of life and the accumulation of material wealth have improved steadily.With the great achievements of economic construction and the increasing prosperity of material life,people gradually begin to pay attention to the spiritual wealth of "residents' well-being".However,with the rapid economic growth,economic and social transformation and the improvement of per capita income,the "Easterlin Happiness Paradox" has always haunted the whole society.People's sense of helplessness,relative deprivation,inequality of opportunity and insecurity have intensified,and residents' subjective well-being has not increased sharply with the abundant material welfare achieved by economic growth,or even accompanied by a short-term decline.So,how to explain the paradox of Chinese residents' happiness?What role do relative deprivation and unequal opportunities play in affecting residents' well-being? This study attempts to provide possible explanations for these problems,with a view to giving corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.Based on the summary of happiness goal theory,Maslow demand hierarchy theory,tunnel effect theory and other related theories,this paper first combs the impact of income inequality and opportunity inequality on residents' subjective well-being from two aspects of social inequality.In order to more accurately measure the degree of income inequality and opportunity inequality among individuals,this paper introduces the relative deprivation and opportunity inequality index.In the mechanism analysis,the internal mechanism of relative deprivation and uneven opportunity on residents' well-being is clarified.Secondly,based on the micro data of CGSS(2015)as statistical samples,this paper uses Order Logit model to empirically test the internal relationship between relative deprivation,opportunity inequality and residents' subjective well-being.At the same time,in order to obtain more detailed conclusions,this paper makes an empirical comparison of group happiness perception stratification,urban and rural stratification,age stratification and educational stratification,in order to directly show the heterogeneous effects of relative deprivation and uneven opportunity on residents' subjective well-being,in order to verify the reliability of the conclusion.In addition,this paper further adds the interaction items of relative deprivation and uneven opportunity in order to investigate the more complex influence mechanism of relative deprivation and uneven opportunity on residents' subjective well-being.Finally,the main conclusions of the study are as follows: relative deprivation has a significant negative impact on residents' well-being,and the negative effect of uneven opportunities on residents' well-being is also very significant.In addition,the combined effect of relative deprivation and uneven opportunities will aggravate the negative impact on residents' subjective well-being.After the robustness test of different measurement methods,the above conclusion is still valid.Furthermore,when considering the group differences such as happiness perception,urban-rural gap,education stratification,age structure and so on,there are some heterogeneity differences between the regression results of the sub-sample and the whole sample.Finally,we add relative deprivation,uneven opportunities and their interaction items one by one,and find that the negative effects of the two on residents' subjective well-being promote each other.Based on the above research conclusions,this paper puts forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions,including: promoting sustained and healthy economic development;paying attention to the efficiency and fairness of primary distribution and redistribution;promoting the equalization of public services and creating a social environment with fair opportunities;at the same time,based on the differences in group characteristics,put forward different solutions for different groups.