Research On Flood And Drought Disasters In Southern Shanxi During The Ming And Qing Dynastie

For most of the human history,disasters exist and throughout the development of human society.In recent years,disaster has become a more and more academic concern.Shanxi Province which located in the loess plateau and north China plain,disasters occurred frequently in historical times due to the particularity of its natural environment.And because the geographical environment was relatively closed,its literature kept in good condition,academic research on natural disasters in Shanxi is more in-depth.However,the key disaster research in local areas still needs to be strengthened.In Ming and Qing dynasties,there were many local documents such as local chronicles,memorials and journals in south Shanxi.This paper chooses the Ming and qing dynasties with relatively sufficient data as the research time,can make the results more scientific and reasonable.In this paper,the flood and drought disasters in the south of Shanxi province are studied,the historical disaster database is established,and the interaction between flood and drought disasters and local society is also discussed.This paper first summarizes the flood and drought disasters in the southern Shanxi region in the Ming and Qing Dynasties based on the records of each county in the southern Shanxi region,supplemented by shanxi local records such as Shanxi Tongzhi,Jin Chengsolue and other records of the Qing Dynasty and data compilation.Referring to the current administrative divisions,this paper summarized the disaster situation and relief of flood and drought disasters in Linfen and Yuncheng respectively,and discussed the distribution law of flood and drought disasters in the south of Shanxi Province from time and space.On the basis of spatial and temporal distribution,the natural and social causes of flood and drought disasters are further analyzed.Secondly,this paper discusses the response of flood and drought disaster in the Ming and Qing dynasties in the south of Shanxi Province from the two main levels of government and people.Finally,the paper analyzes the social impact of flood and drought disaster on the south of Shanxi Province from the perspectives of "destruction" and "reconstruction".The body part is mainly divided into four chapters.The first chapter is the general situation of south Shanxi.The second chapter introduces the spatial and temporal distribution of flood and drought disasters.The third chapter mainly discusses the government and people’s response to the flood and drought disaster.The fourth chapter analyzes the social destruction and reconstruction caused by flood and drought disaster in south Shanxi Province.The first chapter mainly introduces the whole area of south Shanxi.The first section lists the states and counties in the south of Shanxi in the Ming and Qing dynasties,and briefly describes their evolution.During the Ming and Qing dynasties,the administrative divisions in south Shanxi changed little.Secondly,this chapter summarizes the environment of flood and drought disaster in southern Shanxi Province from three aspects of natural,social and historical period,so as to facilitate the analysis of spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of flood and drought disaster in southern Shanxi Province.The second chapter introduces the distribution of flood and drought disasters in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.On the basis of historical data collation and statistics,it analyzes its distribution from two dimensions of time(frequency,season)and space(county and terrain).With the help of Excel software,the data are summarized and the time distribution trend is analyzed.In terms of spatial distribution,Arcgis is used to recover the distribution of flood and drought disasters,and the relationship between spatial distribution trend and topography is analyzed.The third chapter discusses the response of flood and drought disaster from the perspective of government and people.Powerful government organization and elite concentration are the main forces of post-disaster relief.In the Ming and Qing dynasties,the Government of Southern Shanxi Province built yao-Siam canal,water sushui and other channels for flood control irrigation and stored grain in the storehouse to prepare for disaster relief.In the Ming Dynasty,the main storage for disaster relief was the reserve warehouses,while in the Qing Dynasty,the storage of grain in Changping warehouses increased,which played an important role in relief.As the main means of post-disaster relief,the government will take measures such as disaster survey,exemption,tax delay,relief and adjustment of agricultural products.In addition,the government also paid attention to the improvement of superstructure,made disaster relief regulations and issued disaster relief notices.Local officials also prayed for relief.However,due to the different impact of disasters on society,people were shown different responses to disasters.Some of the people affected by the disaster were displaced,fled and even died.And the other part of the public to fight against disasters,under the environment of the capitalist sprout,were made full use of local resource of salt industry,through the long-distance transportation,transshipment goods so as to get rich.When the next disaster comes,the rich merchants in south Shanxi will try their best to save the famine,and their spirit is also spread for the later generations.The fourth chapter discusses the impact of flood and drought disaster on the society in south Shanxi.In addition to the great damage caused by the flood and drought disaster,the people were forced to change the structure of agricultural production,engage in handicrafts,commerce and other ways to make a living.After the drought,the salt trade economy in the southern Part of Southern Shanxi was also fully exploited.People who lost their livelihood could sell their salt for work and relief,which brought great hope for the livelihood of the people after the disaster.Through combing the distribution of flood and drought disasters in the Ming and Qing dynasties,it can be seen that flood and drought disasters occurred frequently in the south of Shanxi Province.In the short term,in the face of sudden disasters,different subjects have different ability to withstand pressure.In the face of famine,ordinary people first panic and show a negative state.Some extremists even threaten social harmony.In this case,a strong government and individuals are needed to provide relief and regulate social order at the same time.Therefore,it is necessary to have sufficient material reserves in case of emergencies.Meanwhile,it is necessary to guarantee the interests of rich merchants and gentlemen in the state of famine,so that famine becomes a "common disaster".Secondly,in the long run,famine not only brings suffering,but also promotes the progress of social civilization to some extent,enabling mankind to "move forward in suffering".History can reflect the future,and recovery of disasters in the past century is of great significance to our disaster prevention and reduction work today.