| The establishment of a natural reserve may cause changes in the biological environment and landscape pattern within a certain range outside the boundary of the reserve.Quantifying the spillover effect of the natural reserve on the surrounding area is of great significance for accurately evaluating the protection effectiveness of the natural reserve on the target.This study evaluated the spatial spillover effects of four different levels of natural reserves in Zunyi City,Guizhou Province,using methods such as landscape pattern index and buffer zone analysis;Using various testing methods,the differences in physical geography and management effectiveness of spillover effects among different levels of natural reserves and their influencing factors were analyzed.The differences in physical geography between different levels of natural reserves,spillover affected areas,and peripheral areas were understood,as well as the differences in spatial spillover effects of natural reserves under different management intensities.The natural environmental factors affecting different levels of natural reserves were identified Terrain(human)factors and socio-economic factors,and attempts to clarify the formation mechanism of spatial spillover effects in protected areas.The results show that:(1)From 1990 to 2020,the main land use types in the Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve are forest and farmland,which become the main transfer sources of the six types of land use types.The impervious surface area in the reserve shows a gradual increasing trend over time;The degree of landscape fragmentation in the Kuankuoshui Protected area,the 1-4 km adjacent area,and the 5-10 km adjacent area is as follows: the protected area < the 4 km adjacent area outside the protected area < the 5-10 km adjacent area outside the protected area;The change trend of landscape pattern index in the vicinity of 1-4 km outside the Kuankuoshui protected area was greater than that in the vicinity of 5-10 km outside the protected area,and the spatial spillover effect was generated in the Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve,which had a positive effect on the landscape pattern of the surrounding area,that is,the blockage effect,and the effect was 4 km outside the protected area.(2)From 1990 to 2020,the change of forest and farmland area is dominant in Baimianshui Nature Reserve and the adjacent area of 10 km,while the change of other land use is small.The landscape of Baimianshui protection area,1 km adjacent area and2-10 km adjacent area is broken into: the protected area < 1 km adjacent area < 2-10 km adjacent area;The variation trend of the landscape index in the area 1 km outside the Baimianshui protected area was greater than that in the area less than 2-10 km outside the protected area.Baimianshui Provincial Nature Reserve had a blocking effect,and the impact distance was 1 km outside the protected area.(3)From 1990 to 2020,the land use transfer change in Fuyan,Huanglian and Baiqing municipal nature reserves and adjacent areas mainly comes from forest and farmland,which is the main source of other types of transfer;The landscape fragmentation degree of the three regions is as follows: the protection area < 1-2 km adjacent area < 3-10 km adjacent area;The change trend of landscape pattern index of1-2 km outside the protected area is larger than that of the protected area and smaller than that of the adjacent area of 3-10 km.The positive spatial spillover effect between the protected area and the protected area of Huanglian and Baiqing has been generated,and the spillover effect distance is 2 km outside the protected area.(4)From 1990 to 2020,forest and farmland are the main sources of land use change in Mafulin County nature Reserve.The overall landscape fragmentation changes in the Mafulin protection area,1-5 km and 6-10 km adjacent areas are as follows: the protection area < 1-5 km adjacent area < 6-10 km adjacent area;The change trend of landscape pattern 5 km outside the Mafulin County nature reserve was larger than that of the reserve and smaller than that of the adjacent area 6-10 km.The blocking effect was produced in the reserve,and the effect affected 5 km outside the reserve.(5)There are significant differences in elevation,slope and NDVI inside and outside Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve,and there is no difference between the overflow affected area and the peripheral area.There are significant differences in elevation,slope and NDVI inside and outside the Baimianshui Provincial Nature Reserve,and no difference between the overflow affected area and the peripheral area.There are differences in gradient and NDVI between Fuyan and Huanglian and Baiqing municipal protected areas.There is no difference in elevation between the protected area and the overflow,and no difference in slope between the overflow and the peripheral area.There are significant differences in elevation,slope and NDVI,but there is no difference between the overflow area and the peripheral area.between the slope of the overflow and the peripheral area;There are significant differences in elevation,slope,and NDVI between the Mafulin County Protected Area and the outside,while there are no differences between the overflow area and the peripheral area.There are significant differences in the management evaluation between Kuankuoshui National Reserve and Baimianshui,Fuyan,Huanglian,Baiqing and Mafulin Reserve,while there are no significant differences in the management evaluation between the other levels of reserve.(6)Kuankuoshui national nature reserve management effectiveness evaluation grade is "excellent",Baimianshui,Fuyan and Huanglian,Baiqing,Mafulin three protected areas grades are "medium","poor","poor",Kuankuoshui national nature reserve management effect overall better than other local level nature reserve management effect;There were significant differences in the management effectiveness of the four levels of protected areas.There are significant differences in the management effect of Kuankuoshui national nature Reserve and Baimianshui provincial reserve,Fuyan and Huanglian,Baiqing City level nature reserve and Mafulin county level nature reserve,and there are no significant differences between the other three reserves.(7)There were differences in the average annual temperature,precipitation,GDP,population density,vegetation type,distance to the nearest road and distance to the nearest residential site in the internal and overflow areas and the peripheral areas of the four levels of protected areas.The Kuankuoshui National protected area and the overflow affected area are affected in the aspects of physical geography,topography,social economy and so on.The spillover effect of Baidianshui provincial protected area is mainly affected by climate,social and economic factors.The spillover effect of Fuyan,Huanglian and Baiqing municipal nature reserves and Mafulin county nature reserves is mainly influenced by social economic and topographical factors. |
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