| Rural landscape heritage is a continuously evolving cultural landscape that includes both material and intangible heritage of rural areas,containing the formation and evolution laws of a certain regional feature.In the process of urbanization,it is endangered and non renewable.Terraced landscape is a typical rural landscape heritage in southeastern Guizhou,with important cultural and tourism value.Its development and protection issues urgently need to be addressed.To explore ways to protect the Nanzhai Terrace in the Qingshui River Valley in development,this article discussed landscape feature identification and landscape feature evaluation,explored the common and individual features of the terraced fields in the region,and proposed strategies for protecting the Nanzhai Terrace in the Qingshui River Valley,using field survey,graphical analysis,and landscape pattern index analysis method.The topic is aimed at the current issue of rural landscape protection in southwest mountainous areas,and has relatively important practical significance.Firstly,through the identification and extraction of landscape elements at five levels,namely,forest landscape,village landscape,terrace landscape,water landscape,and humanity landscape,in the Nanzhai Terrace of the Qingshui River Valley,the morphological and spatial features of each constituent element of the terrace landscape,as well as the interrelationship between each element were analyzed,and their landscape construction features were summarized.Regional common features were systematically analyzed.Secondly,14 landscape pattern indicators that reflect the cracteristics of landscape area was selected,landscape shape,and spatial distribution in the study area,quantitatively evaluate the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the terraced landscape in the Nanzhai area of the Qingshui River Valley from 2000 to 2020,and explore the existing problems of its landscape pattern.Finally,targeted protection strategies were proposed from four aspects: village landscape,terrace landscape,water landscape,and humanity landscape.The main findings are as follows:(1)The area can be divided into two types in elevation: low mountains and low to medium mountains,with low mountain terrain accounting for 86% and low to medium mountain terrain accounting for14%.On the slope,steep terrain accounted for the largest proportion,accounting for 55.87%;Steep slope landforms took the second place,accounting for 28.92%;The proportion of slope landforms was relatively small,accounting for 13.05%;The proportion of flat and gentle slope landforms was extremely small,at 0.27% and 1.90%,respectively.In terms of terrain undulation,it can be divided into two types: hills and small undulating mountains,accounting for 52.12% and 47.88%respectively.The entire region can be summarized as low mountain and hilly landforms.Under this geographical background,a mosaic landscape pattern of "the forests-the villages-the terraces-the water system" had been formed.The overall spatial pattern on the plane presented a fragmented feature,characterized by the complete forest patch being divided into multiple patches,with the matrix being forest patches,and inlaid with settlement patches,farmland patches,and river corridors.The vertical distribution had obvious zonality,forming a spatial pattern of "the forests-the villages-the terraces-(the forests-)the river buffer zone".Site selection and landscape pattern of the settlement were in accordance with nature,and the terraced hydraulic engineering and water circulation system adapted to local conditions,which were the characteristics of landscape construction.(2)The typical landscape characteristics of Nanzhai Terrace in the Qingshui River Valley are as follows: the forest was the base landscape,with a large number of Chinese fir trees growing,numerous ancient trees,and feng shui forests distributed behind the village;The buildings were densely packed,mainly consisting of brick and wood dwellings,harmoniously integrated with the mountains,without obvious boundaries with surrounding roads,and fire ponds were distributed in low-lying areas of the village;The terraced fields were in a strip or block shape,with continuous visual features,and scattered production buildings were scattered within the terraced fields;Water was a linear space closely related to forests,villages,and terraces,with streams,ditches,and reservoirs as the main water landscapes;Tin embroidery was a unique intangible cultural heritage in the region.(3)From the perspective of landscape type transfer,there was frequent conversion between various landscape types,with the most obvious conversion between forest land and terraced fields.Terraced field landscape types transfer more,and transfer to the other four landscape types occured,mainly transferring to forest land,reflecting the influence of population and policy factors;Part of the forest and terraced fields in the flooded area of the river had been converted into water bodies,and the type of grassland transfer is most towards terraced fields and forest land,reflecting the influence of policy factors;The type of transfer of construction land was mostly transferred from terraced landscapes,reflecting the phenomenon of construction land encroaching on farmland,from 2000 to 2020.(4)From the perspective of patch type level,forest land,terraces,grasslands,water,and construction land all had fragmentation phenomena,and the landscape shape tended to be complex,with increased interference from human activities.The aggregation index showed a downward trend,and the distribution gradually dispersed;From the perspective of landscape level,the overall landscape tended to be fragmented,with an increase in the maximum patch index,an increase in the area of advantageous patches in the regional landscape,an increase in landscape complexity,a decrease in landscape richness,an imbalance in distribution,and a decrease in landscape heterogeneity,from 2000 to2020.(5)Based on the principle of promoting protection through utilization,Landscape maintenance goals and planning ideas were proposed,and four utilization and protection strategies were proposed from the perspective of elements: "improving road traffic system","develop composite functions for terraced fields","improving water conservancy engineering system",and "inheriting folk cultural traditions".The aim was to improve the living environment,enhance the convenience of villagers’ production and life,promote the integration of three industries,and achieve the activation,utilization,and active protection of terraced landscape. |
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