| Traditional settlements not only carry material culture,but also a variety of intangible cultural elements,enriching their humanistic and spiritual significance.Therefore,the protection of traditional settlements should not only focus on the maintenance and restoration of their physical features,but also take into account the logic of cultural space generation.This requires a comprehensive study of both the tangible and intangible cultural heritage.The "Chigezuo" ceremony of the Bai Ma Tibetan ethnic group in Wenxian,Longnan,which has functions such as ritual worship,education,and gathering,is the deepest cultural accumulation of the Bai Ma Tibetan ethnic group.Through textual research and field investigations,it was found that the performance of the "Chigezuo" ceremony involves both public and private spaces in the settlement,which deeply affects the construction of the physical and spiritual spaces of the Bai Ma Tibetan traditional settlement.Therefore,the optimization of settlement space based on the coupling relationship between the ceremony and the settlement generation logic is an important issue related to the sustainable development and cultural heritage of the traditional settlements of the Bai Ma Tibetan ethnic group.This study conducted field research,observation,and interviews of the "Chigezuo" ceremony of the Bai Ma Tibetan traditional settlement in Tielou Tibetan Township,Wenxian,and selected four traditional settlements of the Bai Ma Tibetan ethnic group listed in the Chinese traditional village directory as research objects.Firstly,the basic spatial composition of the traditional settlements of the Bai Ma Tibetan ethnic group in Longnan was analyzed,and the characteristics,process,and schedule of the "Chigezuo" ceremony were sorted out and presented.Secondly,the typification of the various levels of ceremonial spaces of "Chigezuo" was extracted to analyze the optimal solution for facilitating the performance of the ceremony,thus deriving the internal rules of the various levels of ceremonial spaces.Thirdly,the ceremonial spaces at various levels were mapped onto the settlement space to analyze how they were organized horizontally and vertically in the settlement,and thus summarized the growth logic of the traditional settlements of the Bai Ma Tibetan ethnic group.Finally,based on the theory of mutual infiltration of environmental behavior,a sustainable development model of the traditional settlements of the Bai Ma Tibetan ethnic group in Longnan was proposed,which coordinates "people","ceremonies",and "settlements".Based on the analysis of the correlation between the "Chigezuo" ceremony and its spatial features in the traditional settlements of the Bai Ma Tibetan ethnic group in Longnan,this study draws the following conclusions:(1)The internal rules of the various levels of ceremonial spaces in the traditional settlements of the Bai Ma Tibetan ethnic group in Longnan under the influence of the "Chigezuo" ceremony are as follows:(a)point(residential courtyards): residential courtyards mainly have three forms of square,rectangle,and irregular shapes,and a courtyard with a length-to-width ratio close to 2:1 is the common part as well as the ideal form of a courtyard.(b)line(settlement roads): horizontal roads follow the cascading of the residential buildings along the mountain,and vertical roads pierce through the net-like three-dimensional road network formed by the interweaving of the horizontally connected roads,which is the ideal road organization mode.(c)surface(settlement public spaces): they should be located at the center of the settlement with high accessibility and identified by totemic paintings.(2)The growth logic of the traditional settlements of the Bai Ma Tibetan ethnic group in Longnan based on the organization of ceremonial spaces: the flat space logic of "building temples on high points,using fire circle dance square as the core,and arranging rectangular courtyards around the square with threedimensional grid-like roads" and the vertical space logic of "temples-mountain forestsresidential buildings-squares-residential buildings".(3)The sustainable development model of the traditional settlements of the Bai Ma Tibetan ethnic group in Longnan: by enhancing the protection and inheritance awareness of the "Chigezuo" ceremony among the Bai Ma Tibetan ethnic group,establishing a more perfect mechanism for the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage to create a Bai Ma brand with the "Chigezuo" ceremony as the core,and following the settlement space adjustment direction compatible with the performance of the "Chigezuo" ceremony,a cooperative and penetrating growth model of "people","ceremonies",and "settlements" can be established.This study revealed the logic of the traditional settlement space generation through the interpretation of the "Chigezuo" ceremony space,and proposed a sustainable development model of the traditional settlements of the Bai Ma Tibetan ethnic group in Longnan based on the inheritance of ethnic culture.This not only provides a theoretical basis and practical model for the regional cultural characteristicdriven rural revitalization of the traditional settlements of the Bai Ma Tibetan ethnic group in Longnan,but also finds a research path for the spatialization of the traditional settlement culture of the ancient Di and Qiang ethnic groups. |
