| As an important component of urban safety resilience,fire protection work is closely linked to the safety of people’s lives and property,and is an important task in promoting the construction of resilient cities.Currently,with the rapid improvement of urbanization level,urban fire losses are showing an upward trend,and existing fire stations are no longer able to meet the needs of urban development.At the same time,based on past fire accidents and rescue experience,the Ministry of Public Security has formulated a new layout plan for fire protection facilities,expanding the impact range of high-risk areas such as flammable and explosive areas,causing conflicts between the old layout of fire stations and the new regulations.Some existing fire stations are located in high-risk areas designated by the new regulations.In the event of a fire,the fire stations in this area will not only be difficult to rescue,but may even affect the safety of firefighters.Therefore,in the context of the construction of safe and resilient cities and the rapid development of urbanization,how to optimize the space of existing fire protection facilities that are lagging behind the times,and how to layout fire protection facilities fairly and efficiently is a research concern.This article is based on POI data and uses the SAVEE(Spatial Appraisal and Valuation of Environment and Ecosystems)model to conduct a fire risk assessment of Zhengzhou City,which serves as the demand data for fire facility optimization;Use GIS tools to evaluate the current situation of fire protection facility layout,in order to identify the shortcomings of the existing fire protection facility layout in the central urban area of Zhengzhou.Considering the limitations of single coverage model,P-central model,and P-median model in solving the goal of fire protection layout in Zhengzhou city.Researching the construction of a hierarchical model that combines a set coverage model and a maximum coverage model to solve the cost and efficiency issues of fire facility layout optimization,constructing a hierarchical model that combines a set coverage model and a P-central model to solve the fairness problem of fire facility layout,and addressing the shortcomings of hierarchical models that fail to balance the fairness and efficiency of fire facilities,Research and construct a dual objective optimization model that combines set coverage model and P-median model to solve the fairness and efficiency issues of fire facility layout.The specific conclusions are as follows:(1)From the results of fire risk assessment,the overall fire risk shows a pattern of decreasing from the center to the surrounding areas.High risk and high-risk areas are mainly concentrated in the central area of the city and the northwest(high-tech development zone),where science,education,culture,health,and high-tech industries gather and shoulder the functional positioning of "West America".The general risk area is distributed around higher risk areas,such as the Zhengdong New Area in the west,which is the growth pole of the Central Plains urban agglomeration and shoulders the functional positioning of "strong in the east",while the Guancheng Hui ethnic area in the south has a long history,numerous historical sites,and the functional positioning of "moving south".Low risk areas are mainly distributed in the suburbs.(2)From the results of the five minute police simulation,the division of responsibility zones of existing fire stations,and the response time,it can be seen that the overall coverage rate of demand points for existing fire facilities in Zhengzhou is 54.8%,with a higher coverage rate in the central area of the city and a lower coverage rate in the edge areas of the city.From the coverage of high-risk areas,96% of demand points and 92.4% of POI site points in high-risk areas can be covered,but there are some flammable and explosive site points that cannot be covered within a 5-minute response time.Far from meeting the coverage standards of the US fire protection plan NFPA 1710,it is urgent to optimize the spatial layout of fire protection facilities.(3)Overall,all three options can achieve the safety,economic,and quantity goals required by the planning.The research evaluates the results of model site selection based on four dimensions: coverage index,rescue efficiency,responsibility area,and cost.In the evaluation of coverage indicators,it was found that the three optimization schemes can achieve a coverage rate of over 98% at the overall demand point,POI site point,and high-risk area demand point,with a significant improvement compared to before optimization.The plan that balances fairness and efficiency can achieve better coverage than the plan based on cost-effectiveness optimization and the plan from the perspective of fairness.Compared to before optimization,the coverage rate of POI sites in high-risk areas has increased by 7.6%,the overall coverage rate of POI sites has increased by 13.5%,and the coverage area has increased by 447.48km2;In terms of rescue efficiency indicators,a plan that balances fairness and efficiency can achieve the optimal rescue efficiency,which can be increased by 11.2% compared to the cost-effectiveness optimal plan and 5.99%compared to the fairness based plan.From the response time perspective,the optimized plan that balances fairness and efficiency has the least response time to reach each demand point,and the response time in high-risk fire areas can be increased by 0.42 minutes compared to before optimization,The overall average response time increased by 0.51 minute;From the perspective of the degree of compliance with the responsibility zone,the optimization plan with the goal of fairness is closest to the responsibility zone standard specified in the "Urban Fire Station Construction Standard"(GB 152-2017);From the perspective of the cost required for layout,an optimization plan that balances fairness and efficiency requires the relocation of 5 existing fire facilities and the construction of 54 new existing fire stations.The construction cost is higher than that of the most cost-effective optimization plan and the optimization plan from a fair perspective;Overall,the optimization plan that balances fairness and efficiency has the best effect in optimizing rescue efficiency indicators and coverage indicators,but it also requires significant construction costs.When financial conditions permit,an optimization plan that balances fairness and efficiency should be adopted to optimize the spatial layout of fire facilities. |
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