Survey Report Of Traditional Residential Buildings In Ulanqab Region

Inner Mongolia began to carry out immigration activities since the Qin and Han dynasties,but the local culture was always in the dominant position.It was not until the Qing Dynasty that the large-scale immigration,which lasted for more than 300 years,fundamentally broke the pattern of nomadic culture as the main body in Inner Mongolia and made nomadic culture and farming culture blend with each other,forming a stable immigration culture.Among them,Ulanqab region is located at the intersection of the Shin-Shaanxi immigrant circle and the Lu-Ji immigrant circle,covering the Shin-dialect regions of Zhanghupian and Dabaopian.Therefore,while the nomadic culture and farming culture in this region blend,the cultures of different immigrant sources also collide,making the traditional residential buildings in Ulanqab become the product of complex and multi-culture,which is unique in Inner Mongolia.The purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics of traditional dwellings in Ulanqab area,and then explore their internal causes.In the key part of this paper,through the research method of architectural typology,traditional residential courtyards and buildings in Ulanqab area are taken as the main research object to classify them.Secondly,the courtyard is analyzed from two levels of spatial organization and spatial scale on the macro level;the residential buildings themselves are analyzed from four aspects of plane layout,spatial scale,structural system and roof form on the meso level;and the architectural details are analyzed from three aspects of the roof structure,furniture placement and construction materials on the micro level: At the courtyard level,the spatial organization can be divided into circular layer and linear streamline according to the streamline.In the linear streamline,series type appears most frequently due to the reasonable functional route.In the aspect of residential buildings,the structural system can be divided into three types according to the bearing way: wood frame,masonry and civil mixed bearing system.The wooden frame and civil mixed bearing system are suitable for the type of residential houses with open Windows,while the masonry bearing system mainly appears in the three types of residential houses with small doors and Windows,occlusion kiln and earthen block room.In terms of building details,according to their forms,the head can be divided into three types: floor head,hanging head and no head.Floor head and hanging head appear in face Windows and small doors and Windows,while the head is mostly found in small doors and Windows.Finally,the reasons for its formation are explored from the perspectives of natural environment,culture and immigration.In the aspect of natural environment,influenced by terrain,terrain and climate,the building types of folk dwellings gradually reduce the size of Windows from south to north,and gradually change from face Windows to small doors and Windows.In terms of culture,the area dominated by farming culture mainly adopts closed courtyard form and three-room plan layout,while the area dominated by nomadic culture adopts open courtyard form and single-room plan layout.In terms of immigration,the influence of immigrants on farming areas is reflected in the inheritance of the architectural types of facades and small doors and Windows and the architectural structure of eaves,while the impact of immigrants on nomadic areas is mainly caused by the change of production mode from nomadic to pastoral,and the architectural plane from circular to rectangular.To sum up,this paper systematically carried out research on traditional residential buildings in Ulanqab area,enriching the theoretical system of traditional residential research.The research results not only effectively promote the protection and development of traditional dwellings in Ulanqab area,but also provide a good reference for the protection and development of traditional dwellings in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and even the whole country.