The Integrated Mathematical Models And Energy Management Systems Of Smart Buildings

Nowadays,improving the building energy performance by increasing the use of clean and renewable energy systems is a promising direction to realize resource conservation and face climate change.With the development of the concept of ’nearly zero-energy building’,some novel technologies,such as renewable energy resources,onsite storage systems and environmentally friendly devices in buildings,have gained more interest.With so many tech-nologies co-existing in one building,a smart energy management system(EMS)solution is usually considered as an efficient technique to monitor,control and enhance the building performance.In the state-of-the-art,building performance analysis is separated into building simulation and control manage-ment: usually the data from building simulation tools must be collected into another programming tool to complete the control part.This may cause inaccuracies and extra operating time.Thus,a coherent framework to integrate building physics with various energy technologies and energy control management methods is highly required.This framework should be formed by computationally efficient but accurate models of building physics and building en-ergy technologies,and should allow for the selection of proper control strategies according to the control objectives and scenarios.Based on the above mentioned research gaps,this work focuses on the following aspects:(i)To deal with the separate processes to model and control buildings,the assemblable mathematical models of building physics and popular building energy technologies(renewable energy systems,energy storage technologies,common heating and cooling energy systems and energy distribution systems)are first presented.Then,it is shown how these mathematical models can be linked.This approach to model the buildings in a bottom-up and modular way allows the users to add and remove energy technologies according to their requirements,and is extendable and suitable for a wide range of types of buildings.The corresponding EMSs can be easily coded and linked to such building energy systems models.(ii)The integrated models are then merged with a novel EMS,namely RBC-GA(rule-based control-genetic algorithm)strategy,to control the operation of the building energy systems.The elaborate mathematical models of buildings achieve the weather information and energy price,calculating the daily energy cost based on the set points of indoor air temperature provided by RBC algorithm and the set points of water temperature in the tank and the charging ratio of the battery provided by GA.Then,the outputs of the daily costs are used for searching the optimum.The presented framework to model and control buildings can be utilized in a wide range of types of buildings with minor modifications and has good performance for reducing the energy cost in both short-term and whole year tests.(iii)Last but not least,this work discusses the comparisons and analyses of the demand response potential of two buildings with different building envelopes and energy systems based on the proposed modelling and controlling methods.Some feasible suggestions to improve the demand response potential are presented.As a result,this work provides an extendable map to model and control buildings,it is tested by numerical simulation and intends to be a foundation for building researchers,designers and engineers.