Evaluating The Spatial And Social Equity Of Urban Parks In Shanghai Based On Supply Quality And Effective Utilization

Parks are closely related to public health and human well-being and play a critical role in sustainable urban development.The environmental equity of park allocation has become an important research topic.Accessibility index is a key index to evaluate the equity of allocation,revealing the spatial distribution characteristics of parks and the rationality of their layout.This study takes the metropolitan area of Shanghai as an example.Firstly,we assess the internal quality of different types of parks from subjective and objective perspectives;secondly,based on the quality evaluation results,we improve the park accessibility measurement model from the aspect of supply quality and propose the integrated quality accessibility;on the basis of which,we further improve the park quality accessibility from the aspect of residents’ effective demand by coupling the residents’ time use model and propose the effective utilization accessibility;finally,the spatial equity and social equity of urban parks are measured by the Gini coefficient and the geographically weighted regression model,respectively,to explore how to plan urban green space resources more rationally and efficiently.This paper provides references for improving the allocation of urban park green space and enhancing the quality of urban park green space in terms of both park supply quality and residents’ effective demand,with a view to providing targeted suggestions for the healthy life of Shanghai residents and the sustainable development of the city.The main work and conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)Internal quality assessment of parks.The objective quality evaluation of parks is based on the Public Open Space Desktop Audit Tool,while the subjective quality evaluation of parks is based on public ratings of parks in social network platforms.1)The objective evaluation results show that the quality of comprehensive parks is generally high,and the quality of community parks is relatively low.High-quality parks are mainly found between the middle and outer ring,with a small number of them in the inner ring,and the lowest quality parks are found between the inner and middle ringr.Among them,parks with high activity and environmental quality levels are mostly distributed between the middle and outer ring,parks with high service facility levels are more evenly distributed,and parks with high safety levels are mostly concentrated within the inner ring.Nearly half of the parks allow pets,and community parks have the highest access rate.2)The results of the subjective evaluation show that the quality of comprehensive parks is generally high,and high-quality parks are more often found in the inner ring.And the subjective quality of parks was significantly and positively correlated with housing prices and road density.3)There are significant differences in the spatial distribution between the subjective and objective park quality,and the subjective evaluation results of parks in the inner ring and southwest area are better than the objective evaluation results.The subjective and objective evaluations of parks can reflect the differences between park supply and residents’ demand and perceived preferences.(2)Improving the accessibility measurement model from the perspective of park supply.In this paper,the results of subjective and objective quality evaluation of parks are incorporated into the quantification of park supply capacity,and the integrated quality accessibility of parks is proposed.1)The results of integrated quality accessibility show that there is a very inequitable spatial distribution of urban parks.Subdistricts with high accessibility levels are mainly distributed between the middle and outer ring,while a large number of subdistricts with low accessibility are distributed within the middle ring,and a small number are distributed between the middle and outer ring.2)The results of the social equity evaluation show that the elderly,minority,unmarried and female groups in the southeastern part of the city and the jobless groups in the north are disadvantaged in accessing park services.The study shows that the integrated quality accessibility of parks can more reasonably reflect the spatial distribution of urban parks and help planners and managers to understand more clearly the differences in urban park configurations.(3)To further optimize the accessibility measurement model from the perspective of residents’ effective utilization.The study couples the spatial dynamic distribution and time utilization of residents on the basis of quality accessibility,and proposes an index of park effective utilization accessibility.The accessibility from the work area and the accessibility from the residential area are defined by setting two scenarios of residents’ work status and residential status.And the leisure time coefficient and real-time outdoor population coefficient are proposed based on the residents’ time utilization patterns in the two different states,which are used to reflect the residents’ effective demand for parks.1)There are obvious differences in the spatial distribution of accessibility in the working state and in the residential state.Within the inner ring,the accessibility of residents in the working state is better than that in the residential state.Between the middle ring and the outer ring,the accessibility of residents’ residential state is better than that of the working area.2)The accessibility of different types of parks also differs between the two states.The accessibility of community parks tends to increase from the center to the outside,and the accessibility in the working state is better than that in the residential state in the middle ring.Comprehensive parks and topic parks are scattered in urban areas and are fewer in number,with a large number of subdistricts at low accessibility levels.The accessibility of comprehensive parks in both states differs in the eastern part of the city,and the accessibility of specialized parks differs in the western part of the middle and outer rings.3)The results of effective utilization accessibility indicate that the spatial layout of urban parks is inequitable.The subdistricts with high level of effective utilization accessibility are most distributed between the middle and outer rings,followed by those within the inner ring,and the effective utilization accessibility of subdistricts between the inner and middle rings is basically at a low level.4)The results of the social equity evaluation show that access to park services is disadvantaged for low-education groups in the northeastern part of the city.The study found that the accessibility level of some streets increased after considering residents’ time use patterns,and this phenomenon was most evident in the inner ring.Effective utilization accessibility provides a more realistic picture of how park resources are actually demanded and used effectively by residents,and provides a strong reference for achieving people-centered urban construction.