Study On The Characteristics Of Traditional Gardens In Shaoxing "Mountain Forest Land"

The term "mountain and forest land" was first used in the Ming Dynasty by Ji Cheng in his book "Yuan Ye," and it has since become a respected location for building gardens.Shaoxing,an ancient capital of thousands of years,has a long history of urban construction that reflects a stable and harmonious relationship with the surrounding mountains and forests.This traditional landscape garden of Shaoxing’s mountain forests is a typical representative of Chinese traditional mountain forest gardening.By examining the natural environment,political economy,and cultural background of Shaoxing,we can clarify the spatial pattern of mountains and rivers within the scope of Shaoxing’s local culture and foreign ideas,which lays the foundation for subsequent research.At a macro level,we can trace the origins of the development of traditional landscape gardens in Shaoxing’s mountains and forests,from the period of King Goujian of Yue to the urban construction and gardening in the mountains and forests in the late Republic of China.Combining the landscape settlement pattern and cultural context,we can summarize the distribution characteristics of traditional gardening activities in Shaoxing’s mountain and forests: 1.Landscape gardens in the city’s mountains and forests are mainly built around the three mountains.Among the three mountains,Wolong Mountain and Ta Mountain were built first,and then Ji Mountain;water is desirable,so its development and prosperity are closely related to the water grid of Shanhui Plain.It was built around the Jibei hills in the south of the city for a long time,especially in the areas of Kuaiji Mountain,Qinwang Mountain,and Ruoye Mountain.3.Overall,although the overall number of mountain and forest land gardens inside and outside the city is similar,except for the Shaoxing Fucheng period,the gardening inside and outside the city was more balanced,and the focus of each period was different.Before the Fucheng period of Shaoxing,the gardening activities of mountain and forest land outside the city were only concentrated in the south of the city,and it was not until the Fucheng period of Shaoxing that it developed evenly around the city,and clusters of mountain and forest land gardens such as Caoshan,Xiaoyinshan,and Jianhu Mountains appeared.4.At the end of the Ming Dynasty,there appeared family gardening activities in which families gathered in a mountain forest to build gardens and lasted for several generations.At a micro level,we selected 145 traditional landscape gardens in mountain forests to analyze gardening methods.We concluded that site selection prefers Leshan and Leshui and chooses the good and the odd;the characteristics of the construction and construction under the mountain are building houses on the mountainside,building buildings on the mountainside,and erecting pavilions against the roof;the landscape is good at borrowing the scenery from the mountain and diverting water;the plants are mostly borrowed from the original plants of the mountain and woodland to form natural scenery,and artificial planting has created a special group of gardens that cluster together with the same environment.The theme of the scene pursues elegance and profound artistic conception,with less stacking of mountains and more appreciation of the natural strange peaks and rocks.The traditional landscape gardens in Shaoxing Mountains and woodlands are characterized by the participation of literati in planning and design,making them cultural places for literary activities such as composing poems,writing notes,and giving lectures.The gardens feature a pond that reflects the legendary mountain and the mountains beside Jianhu Lake,emphasizing the connotation of fairy dwellings.The buildings have a "high platform and beautiful room" style,utilizing the terrain to elevate the building.The vegetation benefits from the clear and natural resources of the climate and seasons,mainly showcasing the natural wild and interesting features of the mountain forest throughout different seasons.Based on the reality and the current state of protection for traditional landscape gardens in the remaining forest land,we need to consider the issues of the impact of traditional forest land on the region at the macro level,the influence on the urban facade landscape of Shaoxing City at the meso level,and the protection of forest land and gardens at the micro level.The protection of mountain and forest land is facing challenges such as the lack of cultural awareness among garden units,existing laws and regulations that prioritize the protection of physical form over garden culture,and the lack of dedicated funds.In light of this,three strategies are proposed: establishing a multi-level decision-making system,cultivating teams for the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage,declaring intangible cultural heritage projects,and designing evidence based on historical records.