| The genera Pochazia Amyot & Serville,1843 and Ricania Germar,1818 are the two largest genera in Ricaniidae within the superfamily Fulgoroidea,species in these two genera surpassing 1/4 of the total species in Ricanidae,many species is important pests of agriculture and forestry production,causing plants to wither or even die by sucking sap,spawning and spreading plant pathogens;some species spread over a long distances to other countries and cause huge economic losses.The main basis for the identification of the two genera is the forewing characteristics,but at present,the characteristics of these two genera remains unclear and lack obvious heterogeneity between them,which has become the bottleneck problems of the classification into Ricaniidae in the world.Which not only bring great obstacles to the attribution of species,but also makes it difficult for the phylogenetic investigation into Ricaniidae,furthermore,such situation restricts the further investigations of integrated management and other related studies of some important pests in the two genera.It is urgent to carry out in-depth research on the two related genera.Therefore,this study was the first to conduct an in-depth study of the wings of these two genera based on geometric morphological methods,and explore the value of wing characteristics in the classification of related genera and species.The results showed are as follows:1)The centroid size of the forewing of Pochazia larger than that of Ricania but without significant difference between them;interspecific centroid size of forewing: Pochazia discreta > Pochazia confusa > Pochazia shantungensis> Pochazia guttifera > Ricania speculum > Pochazia zizzata > Pochazia trinitatis > Ricania binotata > Ricania simulans >Ricania fumosa.One-way ANOVA showed that significant differences in wing size exist among most species.Principal component analysis and thin-plate spline showed that the variation of the forewing shape of the two genera mainly concentrated in: the variation of the bifurcation point of vein RA(LM2)、the bifurcation point of vein MP1+2(LM5)、the bifurcation point of vein MP3+4(LM6)、the bifurcation point of vein Cu A(LM7)and the bifurcation point of vein Cu A2(LM8),the apical extension of the costal margin(LM27-LM32)and the apical extension of the inner margin(LM54-LM56),the middle extension the outer margin(LM42-LM46).Canonical variable analysis and wing shape difference analyses showed significant differences exist in forewing shape between 2 genera and 10 representative species(P<0.01),which shows that forewing can be used for the classification of the two closely related genera and species in both genera.2)The geometric morphometrics analysis of the hindwing of these two genera was conducted,the results showed that the hindwing centroid size of Pochazia larger than that of Ricania and with significant difference between them.Interspecific centroid size of hindwing:Pochazia discreta > Pochazia shantungensis > Pochazia confuse > Pochazia guttifera >Ricania speculum> Pochazia zizzata > Pochazia trinitatis > Ricania simulans > Ricania binotata > Ricania fumosa.The results were not always consistent with the order of centroid size of forewing and hindwing among the 10 species.The variation of the hindwing shape of the two genera mainly concentrated in the bifurcation point of vein MP(LM4),the bifurcation point of vein Cu A(LM6)and the bifurcation point of vein Cu A1(LM7),the apical extension of the costal margin(LM29-LM34)and the outer margin medially in lower part(LM54-LM57).Canonical variable analysis and wing shape difference analyses also showed significant differences in hindwing shape between 2 genera and 10 representative species(P<0.01).It is proved that the hindwings can provide information for the classification of the two related genera and species.The importance of wing shape as the classification of Ricaniidae is further confirmed.Geometric morphological analysis was conducted based on the 19 landmarks in the largest variation in Pochazia and Ricania,cluster analysis was performed by UPGMA method.The results showed that Ricanula and Euricania were closely related,while Ricanoides,Pochazia,and Ricania are clustered in one clade,among which Pochazia and Ricania are more closely related.Based on the 19 landmarks in the largest variation in the forewing,13 landmarks in the largest variation in the hindwing,and 10 representative species of the Pochazia and Ricania,respectively,the cluster analysis was performed.The results showed that these two genera were not monophyletic groups.The possible reason lay to inter lack of more species diversities,and also the limitations on phylogenetic analysis based on geometric morphometrics evidence of this study.It is necessary to explore the monophyly of these two genera based on more species together with other evidence in future studies. |
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