Survey And Analysis On Biodiversity Of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

Traditional agriculture,which has been developed by local farmers based on local natural resources and social conditions,preserves rich agricultural biological germplasms and maintains a large amount of biodiversity.However,as the progress of modern intensive agriculture,traditional agricultural systems have been gradually replaced and large biodiversity conserved in traditional agricultural systems has lost.Thus,how to conserve and utilize biodiversity in agricultural systems has become a global concern.In 2002,the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS)program was mainly initiated by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO).This program aims to promote the conservation of biodiversity and knowledge in traditional agriculture by researching and identifying detailed information.Here,I analyzed the agricultural biodiversity of the important agricultural heritage systems listed by FAO and China from 2005 to 2021 on the basis of reported data.I also studied biodiversity status of the GIAHS rice-fish system in Qingtian by farmer and field surveys,and field sampling analyses.The results obtained were as follows.1)Biodiversity conservation of important agricultural heritage systemsThe analysis of literatures showed that globally and nationally important agricultural heritage systems have effectively conserve local species and populations.Different types of these systems have maintained local agricultural organisms and also protected wildlife.So far,62 GIAHS in 22 countries were designated.And systems were mainly located in Asia and the Pacific region,the Eastern Hemisphere near 30 degrees of north latitude.These GIAHS can be grouped in 6 types of ecosystems(i.e.farmland ecosystem,integrated farming ecosystem,garden ecosystem,woodland ecosystem,livestock and fishery ecosystems).Large numbers of main crops(e.g.rice,Oryza Sotiva L.;maize,Zea Mays L.;potato,Solanum tuberosum),and endemic cultured species(e.g.vegetables,fruits,fishery products,livestock and poultry)were maintained in the GIAHS.China has recognized 138 Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(China-NIAHS)which are located in 143 counties.Similar to GIAHS,China-NIAHS have conserved large numbers of endemic cultured species such as cereals,vegetables,horticultural plants,spice crops,Chinese medicinal materials,aquatic plants,aquatic products and poultry species.2)Genetic diversity of carp in Qingtian rice-fish systemPaddy field carp(Cypinus carpio)preserved in the rice-fish culture system at Qingtian had high phenotypic and genetic diversity.Field and farmer survey showed that there were seven phenotypes of body colors(i.e.red;black,pink-white,red background with black spot,red background with black spot,pink-white background with black spot,pink-white background with black spot).The microsatellite analysis showed that the paddy field carp in rice-fish system had high genetic diversity,whose numbers of alleles(Na)of were 9.56-11.67,the expected heterozygosis(He)were0.78-0.80.3)Species diversity of plants,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and arthropods in the field margin in Qingtian rice-fish systemField survey showed that there were 109 vascular plant species belonged to 53 families in the field margin.Plant species α diversity(Shannon-Wiener index)was around 0.74-0.84,and the β diversity(Whittaker index)was around 0.67-0.77.For arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF),the symbiosis with the plant species in the field margin nine families,14 genera and 62 species were found.The dominant family of AMF was Glomeraceae with a relative abundance of 87.29%～89.64%,and the dominant genus was Glomus 87.29%～89.64%.Soil carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium were relatively high in rhizospheric soil of field margin compared to regular soil.In the roots of 25 common plant species,8 families,12 genera and 63 species of AMF were found.Among these AMF,Glomus was dominant genus.AMF species diversity index(Shannon index)positively correlated with plant species diversity index(species richness).For Glomus genus,AMF species diversity index(Shannon index)positively correlated with soil total nitrogen,available nitrogen,organic carbon and organic matter.Field survey showed that arthropods belonged to 9orders,35 families,and 69 species.Hymenoptera,Hemiptera and Coleoptera are the dominant orders.4)Species diversity in paddy fieldEight non-crop plant species belonged to 8 genera in 7 families were found in the rice-fish system area.The rice-fish coculture increased soil microbial diversity,compared to the rice monoculture.But α diversity of archaea community did not differ between rice monoculture and rice-fish coculture.In the rice-fish system,the αdiversity of bacterial community increased significantly,and Anaerolineales were significantly enriched compared to rice monoculture.The relative abundance of archaea was high in Archaea,Nitrososphaeraceae,and Caldisphaeraceae.The LEf Se species difference analysis showed that Caldisphaeraceae and Caldisphaera enriched in rice-fish system compared to rice monoculture.