Biological Characteristics And Transcriptome Analysis Of Capparis Spinosa L.seeds From Different Provenances

Capparis spinosa L.,commonly known as caper,is mainly distributed in Xinjiang,Gansu,and Tibet in China.It is a traditional ethnic medicine in Xinjiang with pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic properties.Research on its edible value is more prevalent abroad,where it is often used as a food additive and for pickling.This plant grows in arid regions and can prevent wind erosion,making it significant for environmental protection.However,caper has a very low germination rate under natural conditions,and there has been little research on caper seeds both domestically and internationally.Therefore,in this study,mature caper fruits were harvested from three different locations（TGS:S202,Gaochang District,YKL:Turpan;Kalayagaqi Township,Yining County;YKG:G218,Kashi Town,Yining County）in late July 2021 and were used to explore the biological differences in seed morphology,major nutrient components,SDS-PAGE electrophoresis gel system analysis,and transcriptome analysis among the three sources.The results of the study are as follows:（1）Soil data from the three regions indicate that:firstly,the soils are generally alkaline;secondly,the soil electrical conductivity is highest in the TGS region and lowest in the YKG region;thirdly,the average available nitrogen content in the soil is relatively low,with the highest content found in the TGS region and the lowest in the YKL region;fourthly,the average available potassium content in the soil is relatively high,with the highest content found in the TGS region;fifthly,the average available phosphorus content in the soil is at a high level,with the content in the three regions following the order:TGS>YKG>YKL.（2）By measuring the morphology and nutrient composition of the seeds from the three sources,it was found that there were certain differences in the morphology and nutrient composition of the seeds from different sources.The seeds from YKL and YKG sources were larger in size compared to the seeds from the TGS source.When measuring the main nutrient components of the seeds,it was found that crude fat had the highest content,while soluble protein had the lowest content.It was observed that seed morphology was highly correlated with geographic location.The content of soluble sugar in seeds was significantly affected by available phosphorus in soil.The contents of soluble protein and starch were mainly affected by longitude and average annual temperature.（3）Research on the germination inhibitors of Capparis spinosa L.showed that the inhibitory effect was more significant in the water extracts of seed powder from two different sources.Furthermore,the water extracts of TGS seed powder had the most significant inhibitory effect on the germination of cabbage seeds,while the water extracts of YKL seed powder had the most significant inhibitory effect on the root growth of cabbage seedlings.High concentrations of water extracts caused yellowing of the cabbage cotyledons,suggesting that some components of the inhibitor may inhibit chlorophyll synthesis.Compared with water extracts,methanol extracts had the strongest inhibitory effect on the germination and growth of cabbage seeds,and cabbage seeds treated with methanol extracts had the lowest germination rate.（4）In germination experiments,three methods,including chemical reagents,exogenous hormones,and sand storage,were applied to treat the seeds of Citrus hystrix.Results showed that TGS had the highest germination potential（13%）when soaked in 225 mg/L GA₃ and the highest germination rate（16%）when soaked in 4%KNO₃.YKG had the highest germination potential（20%）when soaked in 4.5%KNO₃ and the highest germination rate（16%）when soaked in 250 mg/L GA₃.YKL had the highest germination potential（35%）when soaked in30%PEG,and the highest germination rate（19%）when soaked in 250 mg/L GA₃,and 25mmol/L Na Cl.Among these three sources,YKL had the highest germination potential and germination rate.However,compared to the control,YKG seeds were inhibited in both germination potential and germination rate under various treatment levels.（5）The results of Bradford assay showed that the average protein content in different sources of Citrus hystrix seeds ranked from high to low as follows:albumin>globulin>prolamin>glutelin.SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the protein components in the three sources had smaller molecular weights and showed differences in banding patterns.（6）Transcriptome analysis was conducted on seeds of three different sources of Citrus hystrix.After assembly using Trinity software,a total of 410858 valid sequence fragments were obtained,with lengths ranging from 201 to 61,329 bp.The Unigenes of the seeds were compared to KOG,KEGG,NR,Swiss Prot,and GO databases,and a total of 72,184,67,671,160,432,106,621,and 34,226 genes were annotated,respectively.GO functional enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that most of the genes were enriched in biological metabolic processes.