| Phosphate fertilizer is one of the main fertilizers in our country agricultural production,which has great significance in crop growth.Unreasonable application of phosphorus fertilizer results in low effectiveness of phosphorus fertilizer and causes a series of resource and environmental problems.In order to investigate the effects of phosphorus fertilizer application on soil phosphorus availability and yield in maize fields,a two-year three-point experiment was carried out in Wuyang experimental field in 2021,Xuchang experimental field in 2022 and Yuanyang experimental field in important summer maize planting areas.Zhengdan958,the main planting variety in the Huang-Huai-Hai area,was used as the test variety,and four treatments were set,namely,broadcast(CK)layered application(LP),banding application(BP)and hole application(HP).The results showed that soil available phosphorus content,root morphology,root nutrient absorption ability,nutrient transformation ability and transport ability to plants were finally reflected in corn yield.The main research results are as follows:1.The method of phosphorus application significantly affected the content of available phosphorus in soil profile,the content of available phosphorus in rhizosphere soil and the activity of phosphatase.With the increase of soil depth in the three leaf stage,the content of soil available P increased first and then.The content of available phosphorus in 0-10 cm soil layer was CK < BP < HP < LP.There were no significant differences between treatments.In the soil layer of 10-20 cm,the available phosphorus content of HP was significantly increased compared with other treatments,but there was no significant difference among the other three treatments.In the20-30 cm soil layer,there was no significant difference between CK,BP and HP,LP and CK.BP is significantly higher.In this period,the overall trend of phosphatase activity was similar to the content of available phosphorus,and the activity of acid phosphatase was higher than that of alkaline phosphatase.In 0-10 cm soil layer,the activities of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in LP treatment reached the highest level,and the activity of acid phosphatase was significantly higher than that of CK.In 10-20 cm soil layer,acid phosphatase activity of HP treatment was significantly increased compared with CK,LP and BP.The alkaline phosphatase activity of LP was significantly higher than that of CK,BP,HP in 20-30 cm soil layer.This study found that the farther away from the root system,the lower the soil available P content.The content of available phosphorus in rhizosphere soil changed with the change of time.CK was significantly lower than the three treatments at jointing and spinneret stage,reached the highest at maturity stage,and the three treatments were better than CK at the important growth and development stage of maize.2.Phosphorus application had significant effects on root length,root surface area,root volume and number of root tips of maize at three leaf stage(p<0.05).The root length of LP and HP were significantly increased by 34.2% and 30.4% compared with CK.Compared with CK,the root surface area of LP was significantly increased by23.8%.The root surface area of HP was significantly increased by 29.6% and 21.7%compared with CK and BP.Compared with CK and BP,the number of root tips of LP was significantly increased by 73.2% and 112.1%,while that of HP was significantly increased by 105.3% and 151.8%.At the maturity stage,the root length of the three treatments was significantly higher than that of CK in the three soil depths,and the root length of HP treatment was significantly higher than that of BP treatment in the10-20 cm soil depths of Xuchang test site.These results indicated that the root morphology of maize could be improved under HP and LP mode,and the root lateral and deep development could be enhanced,thus increasing the dynamic range and ability of phosphorus absorption.3.Phosphorus content in different parts of corn in different periods of the three treatments increased significantly under different treatments.BP,HP and LP can improve the ability of phosphorus absorption,transformation and transport.The phosphorus absorption rate before spinning HP>BP>CK>LP,and after spinning BP>LP>HP>CK.The phosphorus absorption rate of Xuchang before spinning BP>HP>CK>LP,and after spinning BP>HP>LP>CK.The performance of P transfer volume was the same at the two test sites: HP>LP>BP>CK.Meanwhile,the P fertilizer harvest index,partial productivity and P absorption efficiency of HP were significantly higher than those of conventional CK.3.Phosphorus content in different parts of corn in different periods of the three treatments increased significantly under different treatments.BP,HP and LP can improve the ability of phosphorus absorption,transformation and transport.The phosphorus absorption rate before spinning HP>BP>CK>LP,and after spinning BP>LP>HP>CK.The phosphorus absorption rate of Xuchang before spinning BP>HP>CK>LP,and after spinning BP>HP>LP>CK.The performance of P transfer volume was the same at the two test sites: HP>LP>BP>CK.Meanwhile,the P fertilizer harvest index,partial productivity and P absorption efficiency of HP were significantly higher than those of conventional CK.4.PCA analysis showed that the data quality was good,and the primary classification of differential metabolites mainly accounted for 96.6% of the total differential metabolites in metabolism.The main annotated secondary classes are isogenic biodegradation metabolism,nucleotide metabolism,terpenoids and polyketoic acid metabolism,other amino acids metabolism,cofactors and vitamins metabolism,lipid metabolism,energy metabolism,chemical structure transformation diagram,carbohydrate metabolism,amino acid metabolism,signal molecules and interactions,signal transduction,membrane transport,mannitol in BP and LP,The expression levels of 2-amino-mucoconic acid hemialdehyde and inosine diphosphate were significantly up-regulated,which affected phosphatase transfer system,ABC transporter,tryptophan synthesis and other pathways,and improved phosphatase activity in soil,so that phosphorus in soil could be converted into more absorbable forms of plants,and increased the content of available phosphorus in soil.5.Compared with CK,the three treatments all increase the yield.LP,BP and HP in Wuyang experimental field increased by 9.2%,8.8% and 10.6% compared with CK,respectively.LP,BP and HP in Yuanyang experimental field increased by 8.6%,9.1%and 12.0% compared with CK,respectively.LP,BP and HP in Xuchang experimental field increased by 12.5%,6.3% and 8.7% compared with CK,respectively.The yield trend of the four fertilization methods was consistent,LP>HP>BP>CK. |
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