The Effect Of Monitoring Fertilization Combined With Organic Fertilizer On The Growth And Development Of Winter Wheat And Water And Fertilizer Utilization In Weibei Dry Land

Drought stress and infertile ground have always been the main factors limiting crop production in the Weibei dryland,and there is also a widespread phenomenon of irrational fertilizer application in the agricultural production process in the area,leading to waste of resources and environmental pollution.In response to the problems of excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer,uncoordinated application ratio of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer,and insufficient application of organic fertilizer in the Weibei dryland,this study relied on a long-term locational experiment with winter wheat as the research object and adopted a field split-zone experimental design,setting up five main treatments of farmer fertilization,monitoring fertilization,monitoring lack of nitrogen,monitoring lack of phosphorus and monitoring lack of potassium,and two sub treatments of no organic fertilizer and application of organic fertilizer,for a total of 10 treatments.By measuring winter wheat yield,agronomic traits,photosynthetic characteristics and above-ground nutrient content,as well as measuring soil moisture and nutrient-related indexes,we analyzed the contribution of each treatment in improving soil water and fertilizer retention capacity and increasing nutrient uptake and yield of winter wheat,and clarified the effects of monitored fertilization with organic fertilizer on the growth and development of winter wheat and water and fertilizer utilization in the Weibei dryland,providing a theoretical basis for guiding scientific fertilization and achieving increased and stable winter wheat yield in the Weibei dryland.The main research results are as follows:(1)Monitored fertilization compared with farmers’ fertilization,there were no significant differences in yield and its components and harvest index at maturation period of wheat;plant height and aboveground fresh weight were significantly reduced by 6.46 %and 22.10 %,respectively,and primary root length was significantly increased by 22.41 %at jointing period of wheat;leaf area was significantly reduced by 20.31 % at grouting period of wheat;the net photosynthetic rate was significantly reduced by 12.94 %,18.04 %and 14.11 % at tillering,jointing and grouting period of wheat,respectively.Monitored and organic fertilization compared with monitored fertilization,there was a tendency to increase spike number and thousand grain weight at maturation period of wheat;root volume and aboveground fresh weight increased significantly by 25.53 % and 32.69 % at tillering period of wheat,respectively;plant height and aboveground fresh weight increased significantly by 6.36 % and 47.82 % at jointing period of wheat,respectively;leaf area and belowground fresh weight increased significantly by 31.39 % and 26.89 % at grouting period of wheat,respectively;there was a tendency to increase the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance at tillering and jointing period of wheat;the net photosynthetic rate increased significantly by 14.34 % at grouting period of wheat.(2)Monitored fertilization compared with farmers’ fertilization,there was no significant difference in water consumption and water use efficiency at growth period of wheat.Monitored and organic fertilization compared with monitored fertilization,there was no significant difference in water use efficiency at growth period of wheat,but there was a tendency to increase water consumption at growth period of wheat.(3)Monitored fertilization compared with farmers’ fertilization,there was no significant difference in soil organic matter,total nitrogen and p H at maturation period of wheat;soil fast-acting phosphorus content was significantly reduced by 40.00 % and22.14 % at tillering and grouting period of wheat,respectively;soil fast-acting potassium content was significantly increased by 30.84 % at jointing period of wheat,and there was no significant difference at grouting and maturation period of wheat;soil nitrate N accumulation was significantly reduced by 33.18 % and 48.79 % at pre-sowing and maturation period of wheat,respectively.Monitored and organic fertilization compared with monitored fertilization,there was a tendency to increase soil organic matter and total nitrogen content and decrease soil p H at maturation period of wheat;soil fast-acting phosphorus content was significantly increased by 54.83 %,33.29 % and 41.14 % at tillering,grouting and maturation period of wheat,respectively;there was a tendency to increase soil fast-acting potassium content at the later growth period of wheat;there was no significant difference in soil nitrate-N accumulation at pre-sowing and maturation period of wheat.(4)Monitored fertilization compared with farmers’ fertilization,nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity and nitrogen physiological efficiency were significantly increased by 19.16 %and 7.05 % at maturation period of wheat,respectively;phosphorus fertilizer bias productivity and phosphorus physiological efficiency were significantly increased by51.35 % and 26.21 % at maturation period of wheat,respectively.Monitored and organic fertilization compared with monitored fertilization,there was a tendency to increase nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity and nitrogen physiological efficiency at maturation period of wheat;the aboveground phosphorus uptake significantly increased by 31.58 % at maturation period of wheat.In conclusion,compared with farmers’ fertilization,monitored fertilization can improve N and P fertilizer utilization and soil fast-acting potassium content in the early stage of wheat growth while ensuring stable yield of winter wheat in the Weibei dryland,and reduce the risk of downward leaching and accumulation of soil nitrate N.However,the reduction of fertilizer application reduces photosynthetic characteristics and soil fast-acting phosphorus content of wheat,which is unfavorable to the development of above-ground parts in the late stage of wheat growth.Compared with the monitored fertilizer application,the monitored fertilizer application + organic fertilizer tended to improve the number of spikes per hectare and thousand grain weight at maturity,improve the agronomic characteristics of wheat during the reproductive period and the net photosynthetic rate of wheat at the later stage of growth,and promote the uptake of soil water and nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients by wheat,and the addition of organic fertilizer still reduced the risk of downward leaching accumulation of soil nitrate nitrogen.Therefore,the optimal effect of weight loss and efficiency enhancement under the treatment of monitored fertilization + organic fertilizer is more conducive to ensuring stable and high yield of winter wheat in the Weibei dryland,and can be promoted and applied in agricultural production.