| This field experiment studied the effects of six kinds of fertilization measureson wheat biomass production,water and fertilizer absorption and utilization,soil organic carbon and nitrogen composition,and soil biological activity,the six fertilization measures include farmer fertilizer(NP),monitoring fertilizer(NPK),Silicon Potassium Fertilizer(NPKSi),Biomass Carbon fertilizer(NPKC),fertilizer combined organic manure(NPKM)and fertilizer combined bacterial manure(NPKB).The main results are as follows:(1)The wheat spike rate and dry matter accumulation at the maturity stage of NPKM and NPKB were significantly higher than those of other treatments,with increases of 10.9%-19.2%and 9.08%-1 8.09%,respectively.The five fertilization measures except NP can effectively increase wheat grain yield,biomass yield and harvest index.In particular,the treatment of NPKM and NPKB significantly increased wheat grain yield by 3.63%-19.07%,biomass yield by 8.26%-14.48%,and spike number by 3.12%-12.58%compared to other four fertilization measures.Treatment of NPKC and NPKB significantly increased grain weight by 1.28%-3.47%compared to other four fertilization measures.(2)The apparent recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus showed that the treatment of NPKB and NPKM was significantly higher than other treatments40?1%-196%and 49.24-79.52%.The apparent recovery of potassium showed that the treatment of NPKSi,NPKC,NPKM and NPKB was significantly higher than that of NPK treatment 70.3%-104%;Treatment of NPKB and NPKM significantly increased the partial productivity and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus compared with other treatments.Potassium partial productivity of NPKSi and NPKC was significantly increased by 39.1%-43.9%compared with NPKM and NPKB.(3)The storage volume of water stored in 0-200cm soil layer after wheat harvest was the highest,which was significantly higher than that of NPK and NPKM treatments by 6.4%and 6.5%.The water storage capacity of 0-200cm soil layer after wheat harvest showed that the NPKB treatment had the highest water storage and was significantly increased by 6.4%and 6.5%compared to the NPK and NPKM treatments.The water use efficiency of NPKC,NPKM,NPKB and NPK was significantly higher than that of NP and NPKSi 12.9%-26.3%.From the perspective of the production efficiency of precipitation during growth period,NPKM and NPKB were significantly higher than NPKSi and NP treatments 5.68%-1 5.14%,which were not significantly different from NPK and NPKC treatments.(4)After harvesting wheat,each treatment 0-200 cm soil nitrate nitrogen residue both have different degrees of accumulation before broadcasting,the nitrate nitrogen residue was mainly distributed in 0?60 cm soil layer and decreased with the deepening of the soil layer.The season nitrate nitrogen residue in the 0-200cm soil layer was significantly lower than other treatments in the NPKM,NPKB,NPKSi and NPKC;The season residual amount of NP treatment in 0-100cm soil layer was the highest,which was significantly higher than the other treatments 23.77%-124.75%.The season residual nitrate content of NP and NPK in the 100-200 cm soil layer was significantly higher than other treatments 19.21%-59.82%.(5)The contents of soil total organic carbon(TOC)and light organic carbon(LFOC)showed that NPK,NPKSi,NPKC,NPKM and NPKB were significantly increased by 3.22%-17.2%and 10.9%-49.3%compared with NP treatment;NPKC can increase microbial carbon content(MBC)8.42%-99.42%compared with other treatments;Compared with other treatments,NPKM and NPKB significantly increased soil dissolved organic carbon(DOC)about 20%;NPKB,NPK,NPKM,and NPKSi significantly increased easily-oxidizable organic carbon(EOC)from 4.9%to 25.9%compared to other treatments.The sensitivity index of soil organic carbon composition was:MBC>LFOC>EOC>DOC>TOC,the ranges of TOC,MBC,DOC,EOC,and LFOC were 3.23%-17.20%,24.46%-99.42%,2.67%-20.91%,1.73%-23.66%,and 10.96%-49.32%,respectively.(6)The content of acid-hydrolyzed nitrogen in NPKSi and NPKB was significantly higher than that in NPKC and NPKM 16.21%-19.04%,but not significantly different from other treatments.The non-acid-hydrolysed nitrogen showed that NP and NPKB treatment was significantly higher than that of NPKSi,NPKC,and NPKM treatment 21%-47%;The contents of acid-hydrolyzed nitrogen in the soil were expressed as amino sugar nitrogen,acid hydrolysis of ammonia nitrogen,amino acid nitrogen and hydrolysable unidentified nitrogen.NPKM and NPKB significantly increased the ratio of hydrolysable unidentified nitrogen to total nitrogen by 45.35%-169.5%compared with other treatments;The ratios of NPK,NPKSi and NPKB to amino acid nitrogen in total nitrogen were significantly increased by 5.6%-50.7%compared with other treatments;The ratios of NPK and NPKSi to amino sugar nitrogen in total nitrogen were significantly increased by 40.9%-200.2%compared with other treatments;The proportion of NPK to ammonium nitrate dissolved in total nitrogen was significantly increased by 2.7%-69.6%compared with other treatments.(7)The changes of invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase activities in 0-40cm soil layer showed that with the development period,the returning green period and flowering stage showed an increasing trend,and the activities of the three enzymes were under various fertilization measures,and the activities of the three enzymes showed activity with 0-20cm activity greater than 20-40cm under each fertilization measure.In 0-20cm soil layer,NPKB and NPKM significantly increased the invertase content by 1.6%-7.7%compared with other treatments during the flowering stage,NPKSi can significantly increase the urease content by 6.2%-32.8%compared to other treatments,the content of alkaline phosphatase in NPKSi and NPKB was significantly increased by 3.2%-20.8%compared with other treatments.(8)During the period from returning to the flowering stage of SMBC,NPKM and NPKB increased significantly by 10.6%-131%and 22.5%-252%compared with other fertilization treatments.The SMBN content of NPKM and NPKB increased from 42.57 to 49.56%and 59.7 to 67.5%,respectively,compared with NP,NPKSi and NPKC during flowering to maturity.The content of SMBN in mature stage of NPKSi treatment was significantly higher than that of NP,NPK,and NPKC treatment by 35.5 to 61.2%.Compared with NPK treatment,NPKC,NPKM,and NPKB significantly increased the SMBP content by 37.45%-60.00%,respectively.This shows that NPKM and NPKB treatment can significantly increase the soil microbial carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus content in each growth period.Therefore,in the agricultural production in the drylands of southern Shanxi,on the basis of measuring and controlling fertilization,the application of silicon,potassium,biochar,organic and bacterial fertilizers is of great significance for environmentally friendly fertilization,soil fertility enhancement and wheat yield increase.Application of dryland wheat cultivation area. |
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