| Purpose: Lead,a heavy metal,is a common environmental pollutant and can cause health hazards to multiple human systems.Many recent studies have shown that blood transfusion may be an important source of lead exposure in blood recipients,causing elevated lead levels in blood recipients.However,our country lacks a systematic and scientific restriction measures for blood lead transfusion at present.In this study,by detecting the lead level in blood samples of blood donors in Qingdao,the influencing factors of elevated blood lead were studied to provide scientific basis for accurate blood transfusion.Methods: 2142 blood donors were selected from 15 blood donation points by systematic sampling in Qingdao in 2021.The relevant information of blood donors was obtained through the information management system of Qingdao Blood Center,and the blood lead was measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.In this study,Kruskal-wallis rank-sum test was used to compare differences in blood lead between different groups,and chi-square test was used to compare differences in the distribution of the two groups among the categorical variables.Multiple linear regression and robust Poisson regression model of generalize linear model were used to analyze the possible influencing factors of blood lead.The relative importance of the influencing factors of blood lead was evaluated by dominance analysis.Date of the blood donors living in 10 districts and those living outside Qingdao were separately excluded,multiple linear regression was performed on the data again for sensitivity analysis.Results: 2142 blood donors included 1434 males(66.9%)and 708 females(33.1%),with an average age of 34.8 ± 10.8 years old.1.Distribution of blood lead The concentration of blood lead is normally distributed after natural logarithm transformation.The geometric mean(GM)of blood lead levels(BLLs)was 26.03 μg/L,and the 95% confidence interval(CI)was 25.52-26.56 μg/L,ranging from 3.77-152.60 μg/L.Blood donors with BLL ≥35 μg/L accounted for 25.6%of the study population,and blood donors with BLL ≥50 μg/L accounted for 7.7%.In terms of regional distribution,blood lead concentration was highest in Jimo,Licang and Laoshan2.Univariate analysis Blood lead distribution in age,gender,birthplace,residence,smoking,drinking,occupation,average daily outdoor time,education level and blood donation times were statistically significant differences(P <0.05).3.Multivariate analysis Multiple linear regression results showed that male,older age,place of residence,smoking and lead exposure in employment in the past 12 months were correlated with elevated blood lead.β and 95% CI were 0.145(0.190,0.099),0.060(0.040,0.081),0.033(0.028,0.039),0.118(0.073,0.163),0.045(0.005,0.086),respectively.Robust Poisson regression analysis showed that male,older age,living in Jimo and smoking were risk factors for elevated blood lead.The relative risk(RR)and95% CI for male,25-34 years old,35-44 years old,45-64 years old,living in Jimo and smoking were 1.67(1.34,2.04),1.71(1.33,2.21),1.99(1.56,2.56),2.24(1.73,2.89),3.89(1.09,13.86),1.43(1.24,1.66),respectively.4.Dominance analysis Place of residence(29.32%),gender(20.94%)and smoking status(13.61%)were the top three factors influencing blood lead levels.Conclusions: Blood lead level is related to gender,age,residence,employment and smoking status.Male,older age,living in Jimo,lead exposure in employment in the past12 months,and smoking are risk factors for elevated blood lead level in blood donors.Blood donors can be screened according to the above risk factors,so as to reduce blood lead level in blood products and protect the safety of blood recipients. |
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