The State And Women’s Education During The War Of Resistance:a Study Of The National Women’s Normal College (1939-1945)

During the War of Resistance,the Nationalist Government hoped to strengthen the centralization of power in the field of education with an independent teacher education system.As a result,the National Government resumed higher normal education in 1938 and gave it the status of the "cornerstone" of education.At the same time,in order to solve the problems of women’s education,the National Government established a separate women’s normal college called the "National Women’s Normal College" in the name of the country to rebuild the women’s education system.At the beginning of the birth of the National Women’s Normal College,the National Government,the public,and the National Women’s Normal College had expectations of the "The mother of the nation","The cadre who builds the country" and "The leader of the women’s circles" for the female students of the National Women’s Normal College."The mother of the nation" emphasized traditional morality and Confucianism,"The cadre who builds the country" emphasized the demands of building a Three People’s Principles country,and "The leader of the women’s circles" emphasized the existence of women as problematic groups.This triple image was the embodiment of the Nationalist government’s propaganda of the traditional view of women in the context of the War of Resistance and the founding of the nation.Under this view of women,the National Women’s Normal College had formed the management characteristics of the male management school and the female coaching student.Due to the influence of the National Government,the public and the National Women’s Normal College on the elite consciousness of female students,and the fact that most female students came from elite families,female students self-shaped themselves as female leaders.However,the female students’ remarked for their country and their home unilaterally emphasized their responsibilities and obligations to the country instead of directly pursuing their political rights.Through these remarks,we can also understand that the country’s advocacy for women to actively participate in the War of Resistance was only a mobilization strategy for women based on the needs of the war.The National Government did not want women to directly intervene in the political life of the country.Under the national plan for teacher education,the National Government first took back the jurisdiction of teacher education,and then required teacher colleges such as the National Women’s Normal College to implement a series of measures to uniformly improve secondary education in an attempt to strengthen the central government’s control.However,under the influence of practical reasons such as low social recognition,wartime funding and equipment shortages,the National Government’s idea of strengthening centralization with teacher education mostly remained at the policy level.At the same time,at the level of female characteristics,the National Women’s Normal College carried out a series of activities related to family education in accordance with national requirements.The purpose of such family education activities was not only to emphasize the importance of women returning to the family,but also to emphasize women’s subordinate status in the family and society.This goal was contrary to the development theory of the modern women’s liberation movement.During the War of Resistance,based on the need to mobilize women during the war,the Nationalist Government gave the National Women’s Normal College the mission of leading the nation’s women’s education.However,in the actual operation of the National Women’s Normal College,it had not formed a national influence,and it was difficult to achieve the goals set by the National Government.With the victory of the War of Resistance and the disappearance of the background of war mobilization,the status of the National Women’s Normal College also plummeted.However,the traditional view of women’s education reflected by the National Women’s Normal College shows that there was a difference between the establishment of women’s schools and the modern women’s liberation movement.