| ObjectiveRational thinking plays an important role in people’s judgment and decision-making,and is being highly valued at home and abroad.Different from general cognitive ability,"rationality" is a high-level form of cognitive processing.It is an important feature or ability related to various fields of the individual and the entire society.It has important significance for the development of human civilization and happy life.It is more prominent in the military field.The evaluation and training of rational thinking ability is an urgent problem to be solved in the selection and training of our military commanders and pilots.However,academics have always disputed the concept and connotation of reason,and there are few measurement methods.This study conducts a theoretical analysis of the concept,operational definition and structure of rationality through a systematic literature review,and introduces and revises the first comprehensive assessment tool in the world-the Comprehensive Assessment of Rational Thinking(CART)test,which is "RQ" test to establish a rational assessment tool suitable for the context of Chinese culture.This research can provide a new perspective for the correct view of rational thinking and a reliable research tool for the field of rational thinking research in my country.The research results can provide technology,methods and important reference indicators for the evaluation and training of rational thinking ability in the selection and training of military commanders and pilots,and have certain application value in the fields of education,human resource development and even national quality improvement.MethodsFirstly,through the literature research method,the theoretical analysis,definition,structure and cognitive factors of rationality,especially the CART,carried out a theoretical analysis and clarified Connotation and structure of rationality.Then introduced the ShortForm CART(SF-CART),and carried out three studies:1.Translation,revision and formation of the Chinese Short-Form CART(CSF-CART)TestIntroduced CART from abroad,translated and revised SF-CART to form CSF-CART(trial version)Test,recruited subjects at two universities in Xi’an,grass-roots companies,and society people,conduct the test.The extreme grouping method is used to calculate the difficulty value of each item;the correlation coefficient method,the extreme grouping method and the Cronbach’s α coefficient method are used to calculate the discrimination degree of each item.According to the discussion opinions of experts and the group,some items were revised to form CSF-CART(official version).2.CSF-CART(official version)Test reliability and validity verificationThree universities in Xi’an were selected,and 520 participants were selected from junior college students,undergraduate students and graduate students,and the test was conducted using CSF-CART(official version).Cronbach ’s α coefficient method,split-half reliability method and retest reliability method were used to verify the reliability.Content validity,structure validity,and standard validity is used for verification of validity.The traditional method combining exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis is used for structural analysis,and the new network analysis method is used to further explore and analyze the entire test structure.3.The Influence of Rational Thinking Disposition and Fluid Intelligence(FI)on Rational Quotient(RQ)Use the CSF-CART(formal version)test score as an indicator of RQ,the Raven(SPM)score as an indicator of FI,and the Actively Open-minded Thinking(AOT)score as an indicator of Rational Thinking Disposition.Using partial correlation analysis method to explore the correlation between RQ,SPM and AOT;using linear regression analysis to test the relationship between RQ,SPM and AOT;using hierarchical regression analysis to test the mediating effect and regulating effect of AOT between SPM and RQ.Results1.Empirical research on CSF-CART(trial version)Test formed by translation and revision,and 342 valid test were recovered.The analysis results of the items showed that the total difficulty of the CSF-CART test was 0.528,and the difficulty distribution of the 7subtests of the ability test was between 0.482 and 0.722;According to the analysis results of items discrimination,the Probability and Statistical Reasoning(PSR)Questions 7 and 15,the Scientific Reasoning(SR)Questions 3,6,9,13 and 16,and the Resistance of Superstition Thinking(RST)Question 6 were discussed and revised.The final form of CSFCART(official version)test contains a total of 11 subtests and 180 items,which are: PSR,18 items;SR,42 items;Reflection versus Intuition(R-I),11 items(including 1 item that does not score);Belief Bias in Syllogistic Reasoning(BBSR),16 items;Ratio Bias(RB),15 items(including 3 non-score supplementary items);Disjunctive Reasoning(DR),6 items;Probabilistic Numeracy(PN),9 items;RST,12 items;Resistance of Antiscience Attitudes(RAA),13 items;Resistance of Conspiracy Beliefs(RCB),29 items(including 5 nonscoring supplementary items);Avoidance of Dysfunctional Personal Beliefs(ADPB),9items.In addition,there are 30-items AOT(AOT-30)scale as a supplementary test.2.Empirical research on CSF-CART(official version)Test,and 501 valid test were recovered.The results of reliability and validity analysis are follows.(1)Reliability analysis results: The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the total CSF-CART(official version)test is 0.81,and of each subtest are between 0.58 and 0.93,with an average of 0.74;The half-reliability coefficient of the total CSF-CART(official version)test is 0.82,and of each subtest are between 0.61 and 0.88,with an average of 0.73.The correlation coefficient of the total score of the CSF-CART(official version)test in before and after 98 retest samples is 0.74,and of each subtest are between 0.36 and 0.65,the average is 0.52.(2)Validity analysis resultsContent validity: Psychological experts’ assessment results of the test content show that the test items can better reflect the content to be measured by the original test,and the Content Validity Ratio(CVR)is 0.6.The correlation coefficient between each subtest and the total score of the test is between 0.225 and 0.697,most of which are significantly medium to high correlation;among the 55 correlation coefficients between each sub-test,45 are significant,and the correlation coefficient is between 0.114 and 0.557,most of them showed low to medium correlation,and the remaining 10 correlations were not significant,mainly distributed in the two subtests of RCB(3)and ADPB(7).Structural validity: The results of internal consistency analysis show that all subtests are significantly different between high and low groups.Three factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis.RB and ADPB were loaded on factor 3 and the rest of the subtests were distributed on factor 1 and factor 2.Except for PN,they corresponded to the two dimensions conceived by the original author.Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the basic fitting indexes of the two-factor model reached statistical requirements.In network analysis,using the community detection to explore the dimensions in the network structure,the results show that the CSF-CART(official version)test formed two stable community,each of which is closely connected and the connection of intercommunity is relatively weak,indicating that the CSF-CART(official version)test structure can basically reflect the two dimensions of the original idea.This result supports the twofactor model.Calibration validity: The CSF-CART(official version)test scores are significantly correlated with the total SPM scores(r = 0.615,p<0.01).The correlation between the total SPM scores and each subtest score,except for the ADPB subtest(r = 0.04,p>0.05),there was a significant correlation with the rest of the subtests,with correlation coefficients between 0.108 and 0.455;the CSF-CART(official version)test scores were significantly correlated with the AOT total scores(r = 0.545,p<0.01),the correlation between the AOT total score and each subtest,except for the DR subtest(r = 0.065,p>0.05),showed a significant correlation with the rest of the subtest,with correlation coefficient between 0.108 and 0.540.Distinction between different groups: Analysis of variance shows that the total score of the CSF-CART(official version)test and the score of each subtest have significant differences between different education levels.Graduate scores are significantly higher than undergraduates,and undergraduate scores are significantly higher than college students.The total score of the CSF-CAR(official version)test is not significantly different between different genders,but there are significant differences in the subtest of R-I and RAA.Integrating several aspects of the validity analysis results shows that the CSF-CART test can be considered to have good validity.3.Research on the Influence of FI and Rational Thinking Disposition on RQ shows:AOT is used as the index of rational thinking tendency,reflecting the reflective mind;SPM is the index of FI reflecting the algorithmic mind;CSF-CART score is the index of RQ,reflecting the rational thinking skill level.Partial correlation analysis shows that AOT and SPM were significantly related to the CSF-CART total score and each subtest score;linear regression analysis showed that SPM and AOT were independent predictors of CSF-CART;hierarchical regression analysis showed that AOT did not regulate the role between SPM and CSF-CART.But SPM and AOT act as intermediaries to influence CSF-CART.It can be explained that the rational thinking skill level is determined by the reflective mind and the algorithmic mind,and the two influence each other and work together.ConclusionsThe CSF-CART test introduced and revised in this study can be used to evaluate the level of rational thinking ability of adult groups,that is,RQ level.The tool has good reliability and validity in the context of Chinese culture.This study also found that the algorithmic mind reflected by FI and the reflective mind reflected by rational thinking disposition to determine the individual’s RQ. |
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